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321 - Physiology > Repro 4 - Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Repro 4 - Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

The scrotum should have a well-defined

A

Scrotal neck

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2
Q

What does the scrotal neck allow the scrotum to do

A

Move away from the abdomen (to keep them cooler than body temperature)

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3
Q

What scrotum types can you have (ew)

A

Straight-sided (more fat around neck), normal, short scrotal neck (normal for cold temps, but not for permanent configuration)

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4
Q

Testis are maintained 4-6°C lower than core body temperature to ensure

A

Normal spermatogenesis

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5
Q

The testis maintained at a lower temperature is accomplished by

A

The countercurrent heat exchange mechanism existing between the testicular artery and pampinoform plexus of the testicular vascular cone

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6
Q

Testicular vascular cone is made up of

A

Venous network + artery

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7
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange mechanism in testis functions:

A

Regulates testicular temperature
reduces pulse pressure
maintains high concentration of testosterone

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8
Q

Interstitium (Leydig cells) work with Sertoli cells to make

A

Testosterone

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9
Q

Seminiferous (SNF) tubules are made up of

A

Sertoli cells and germ cells

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10
Q

Where are germ cells located in

A

Sit on basement membrane

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11
Q

Leydig cells are similar to what cell in females

A

Theca interna

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12
Q

Sertoli cells are equivalent to what cells in females

A

Granulosa cells

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13
Q

Leydig cells have receptors for

A

LH

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14
Q

Sertoli cells have receptors for

A

FSH

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15
Q

Leydig cells secrete

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Sertoli cells convert testosterone to

A

Estrogen

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17
Q

Sertoli cells secrete

A

Antigen Binding Protein, inhibit, activin, estrogens, lactate, pyruvate, and tubal fluid (metabolic agents needed for Sertoli cell function)

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18
Q

What makes up the blood-testis barrier

A

Sertoli cells are joined by specialized tight junctions forming basal and adluminal compartments

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19
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier protect

A

Immunologically privileged site for haploid cells (helps to hide sperm cells from body because they’re haploid, so considered foreign)

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20
Q

In the male, are hormone releases episodic or cyclic?

A

Episodic - which is why male sexual activity stays constant compared to females

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21
Q

2 prominent regions of sperm:

A

1) head
2) tail

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22
Q

Sperm structure: listed from head to tail

A

Acrosome, nucleus, plasma membrane, neck, middle piece, principal piece, then end piece

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23
Q

What is the longest part of the sperm

A

Principal piece

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24
Q

Acrosome integrity is essential for

A

Normal fertilization purposes

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25
Q

What does the outer dense fibre provide?

A

Structural stability

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26
Q

Where do sperm have mitochondria?

A

Only in midpiece

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27
Q

In principal piece, mitochondria are replaced by the

A

Fibrous sheath

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28
Q

In the tail of sperm, what is the arrangement of the cytoskeleton?

A

9+2 microtubule arrangement

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29
Q

3 stages of spermatogenesis

A

Proliferation, meiosis, and differentiation

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30
Q

Primary spermatocytes converting to secondary spermatocytes is which meiotic division?

A

1st

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31
Q

Going from secondary spermatocytes to spermatids is which meiosis division?

A

2nd meiotic division

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32
Q

Sperm precursor cells undergoing meiotic division are protected from the immune system by the formation of tight junctions between

A

Sertoli cells

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33
Q

Spherical spermatids differentiate into sperm through 4 phases:

A

Sperm DNA condensation, acrosome formation, formation of sperm tail for motility6, and formation of a metabolic “powerplant” (mitochondrial sheath)

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34
Q

Spermiogenesis (differentiation) is accomplished through 4 phases:

A

Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, and maturation phase

35
Q

The Golgi phase =

A

Acrosomal vesicle formation

36
Q

During the Golgi phase, what shape is the spermatid

A

Spherical spermatic with a well developed Golgi apparatus

37
Q

During the Golgi phase, what does the Golgi apparatus give rise to?

A

Golgi apparatus gives rise to proacrosomic granules which then fuse together to form acrosomal granule

38
Q

What contains the acrosomic granule

A

Acrosomic vesicle

39
Q

Which centrioles appear during the Golgi phase

A

Proximal and distal centrioles. They appear beneath the nucleus opposite to the acrosomal vesicle

40
Q

What does the distal centriole become

A

The sperm tubule - becomes 9+2 microtubule

41
Q

What is the cap phase

A

Spreading of the acrosomic vesicle over the nucleus

42
Q

What is the shape of the spermatid during the cap phase

A

Cap-like formation of acrosome at the anterior portion of the nucleus

43
Q

During the cap phase, what happens to the Golgi apparatus

A

It disappears

44
Q

What does the distal centriole give rise to

A

The developing axoneme, which begins to project toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

45
Q

Does tail formation happen during the cap phase?

A

Yes! It begins in this phase

46
Q

What happens during the acrosomal phase

A

Nuclear and cytoplasmic elongation

47
Q

During the acrosomal phase, the acrosome continues to spread and nucleus begins to ______

A

Elongate

48
Q

What phase does the Manchette start to form?

A

Acrosomal phase

49
Q

What is the manchette?

A

Microtubule based sleeve-like structure

50
Q

Which direction does the manchette form

A

On the caudal half of the nucleus, and continues growing caudally

51
Q

Are all components of developing spermatid enclosed by a plasma membrane?

A

Yes

52
Q

How does the nucleus elongate?

A

Manchette wraps around middle of nucleus, then contracts and pulls down. By this process, the nucleus gets pulled down as well, leading to elongation

53
Q

What happens if the manchette messes up

A

One cause of morphologically bad sperm

54
Q

What is the maturation phase of sperm development

A

Final assembly

55
Q

What happens to the manchette during the maturation phase

A

It disappears

56
Q

What happens to mitochondria during the maturation phase

A

Mitochondria cluster around the anterior portion of the flagellum

57
Q

Which section of the sperm contain mitochondria?

A

Midpiece

58
Q

How do the mitochondria move to the midpiece of sperm?

A

Mitochondria contain proteins that are attracted to midpiece of sperm

59
Q

During the maturation phase, what absorbs the extra cytoplasm?

A

Sertoli cells

60
Q

What is spermiation?

A

Release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

61
Q

What is the duration of spermatogenesis in bulls?

A

61 days (time to release of fully formed sperm into lumen of seminiferous tubules)

62
Q

Spermatid journey from lumen of seminiferous tubules

A

Rete testis —> efferent ducts —> head of epididymus —> body of epididymus —> tail of epididymus —> ductus deferents

63
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Tubular network carrying sperm form SNF tubules to efferent ducts

64
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Holds the rete testis in place

65
Q

Sperm in the head of epididymus takes ___________ days to reach the tail of epididymus

A

8-11 days - also called epididymal transport

66
Q

Are the 3 regions of the epididymus functionally distinct?

A

Yes! Sperm goes through different modifications in each of the 3 regions

67
Q

What region of the epididymus are fully functional sperm stored?

A

Tail of epididymus

68
Q

Does T4 influence epididymal function?

A

Yes

69
Q

What is sperm DNA condensation?

A

Sperm cells have protamines instead of histones - DNA condensation during spermatogenesis in epididymus

70
Q

Transport of proximal cytoplasmic droplet (PD) to a distal location (DD) happens in the

A

Body to Tail of epididymus

71
Q

Transport of proximal cytoplasmic droplet (PD) to a distal location (DD) happens in the

A

Body to tail of epididymus. By the time sperm get to the tail of the epididymus, all sperm will have the distal droplet between their end piece and tail

72
Q

During resorption of fluid, what gets resorbed?

A

Distal droplet

73
Q

What happens to abnormal sperm?

A

Phagocytosis

74
Q

Tail of epididymus stores _____________

A

Mature sperm with the capacity for motility

75
Q

In yearlings during puberty, you may see what kind of sperm in tail of epididymus?

A

Cells with proximal cytoplasmic droplet

76
Q

Which accessory sex glands do bulls, stallions, and boars all have?

A

Vesicular glands, prostate, and bulbourethral gland (BUG)

77
Q

in the boar, the BUG (bulbourethral gland) secretes a ____________, which causes ____________

A

Viscous fluid, which causes coagulation of seminal plasma following an ejaculation

78
Q

Which accessory glands do a dog have?

A

Prostate

79
Q

Which accessory glands do a cat have?

A

Bulbourethral and prostate

80
Q

What does semen comprise

A

Sperm and seminal plasma

81
Q

Seminal plasma is made up of

A

Fluids from the testis, epididymus, and accessory sex glands

82
Q

What is seminal plasma rich in

A

Electrolytes, fructose, ascorbic acid, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, growth factors, and various proteins

83
Q

What does seminal plasma do

A

Nourish sperm, cleans urethra, and serves as a vehicle for the delivery of sperm

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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