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321 - Physiology > Repro 4 - Male Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Repro 4 - Male Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

The scrotum should have a well-defined

A

Scrotal neck

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2
Q

What does the scrotal neck allow the scrotum to do

A

Move away from the abdomen (to keep them cooler than body temperature)

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3
Q

What scrotum types can you have (ew)

A

Straight-sided (more fat around neck), normal, short scrotal neck (normal for cold temps, but not for permanent configuration)

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4
Q

Testis are maintained 4-6°C lower than core body temperature to ensure

A

Normal spermatogenesis

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5
Q

The testis maintained at a lower temperature is accomplished by

A

The countercurrent heat exchange mechanism existing between the testicular artery and pampinoform plexus of the testicular vascular cone

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6
Q

Testicular vascular cone is made up of

A

Venous network + artery

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7
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange mechanism in testis functions:

A

Regulates testicular temperature
reduces pulse pressure
maintains high concentration of testosterone

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8
Q

Interstitium (Leydig cells) work with Sertoli cells to make

A

Testosterone

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9
Q

Seminiferous (SNF) tubules are made up of

A

Sertoli cells and germ cells

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10
Q

Where are germ cells located in

A

Sit on basement membrane

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11
Q

Leydig cells are similar to what cell in females

A

Theca interna

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12
Q

Sertoli cells are equivalent to what cells in females

A

Granulosa cells

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13
Q

Leydig cells have receptors for

A

LH

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14
Q

Sertoli cells have receptors for

A

FSH

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15
Q

Leydig cells secrete

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Sertoli cells convert testosterone to

A

Estrogen

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17
Q

Sertoli cells secrete

A

Antigen Binding Protein, inhibit, activin, estrogens, lactate, pyruvate, and tubal fluid (metabolic agents needed for Sertoli cell function)

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18
Q

What makes up the blood-testis barrier

A

Sertoli cells are joined by specialized tight junctions forming basal and adluminal compartments

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19
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier protect

A

Immunologically privileged site for haploid cells (helps to hide sperm cells from body because they’re haploid, so considered foreign)

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20
Q

In the male, are hormone releases episodic or cyclic?

A

Episodic - which is why male sexual activity stays constant compared to females

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21
Q

2 prominent regions of sperm:

A

1) head
2) tail

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22
Q

Sperm structure: listed from head to tail

A

Acrosome, nucleus, plasma membrane, neck, middle piece, principal piece, then end piece

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23
Q

What is the longest part of the sperm

A

Principal piece

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24
Q

Acrosome integrity is essential for

A

Normal fertilization purposes

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25
What does the outer dense fibre provide?
Structural stability
26
Where do sperm have mitochondria?
Only in midpiece
27
In principal piece, mitochondria are replaced by the
Fibrous sheath
28
In the tail of sperm, what is the arrangement of the cytoskeleton?
9+2 microtubule arrangement
29
3 stages of spermatogenesis
Proliferation, meiosis, and differentiation
30
Primary spermatocytes converting to secondary spermatocytes is which meiotic division?
1st
31
Going from secondary spermatocytes to spermatids is which meiosis division?
2nd meiotic division
32
Sperm precursor cells undergoing meiotic division are protected from the immune system by the formation of tight junctions between
Sertoli cells
33
Spherical spermatids differentiate into sperm through 4 phases:
Sperm DNA condensation, acrosome formation, formation of sperm tail for motility6, and formation of a metabolic “powerplant” (mitochondrial sheath)
34
Spermiogenesis (differentiation) is accomplished through 4 phases:
Golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, and maturation phase
35
The Golgi phase =
Acrosomal vesicle formation
36
During the Golgi phase, what shape is the spermatid
Spherical spermatic with a well developed Golgi apparatus
37
During the Golgi phase, what does the Golgi apparatus give rise to?
Golgi apparatus gives rise to proacrosomic granules which then fuse together to form acrosomal granule
38
What contains the acrosomic granule
Acrosomic vesicle
39
Which centrioles appear during the Golgi phase
Proximal and distal centrioles. They appear beneath the nucleus opposite to the acrosomal vesicle
40
What does the distal centriole become
The sperm tubule - becomes 9+2 microtubule
41
What is the cap phase
Spreading of the acrosomic vesicle over the nucleus
42
What is the shape of the spermatid during the cap phase
Cap-like formation of acrosome at the anterior portion of the nucleus
43
During the cap phase, what happens to the Golgi apparatus
It disappears
44
What does the distal centriole give rise to
The developing axoneme, which begins to project toward the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
45
Does tail formation happen during the cap phase?
Yes! It begins in this phase
46
What happens during the acrosomal phase
Nuclear and cytoplasmic elongation
47
During the acrosomal phase, the acrosome continues to spread and nucleus begins to ______
Elongate
48
What phase does the Manchette start to form?
Acrosomal phase
49
What is the manchette?
Microtubule based sleeve-like structure
50
Which direction does the manchette form
On the caudal half of the nucleus, and continues growing caudally
51
Are all components of developing spermatid enclosed by a plasma membrane?
Yes
52
How does the nucleus elongate?
Manchette wraps around middle of nucleus, then contracts and pulls down. By this process, the nucleus gets pulled down as well, leading to elongation
53
What happens if the manchette messes up
One cause of morphologically bad sperm
54
What is the maturation phase of sperm development
Final assembly
55
What happens to the manchette during the maturation phase
It disappears
56
What happens to mitochondria during the maturation phase
Mitochondria cluster around the anterior portion of the flagellum
57
Which section of the sperm contain mitochondria?
Midpiece
58
How do the mitochondria move to the midpiece of sperm?
Mitochondria contain proteins that are attracted to midpiece of sperm
59
During the maturation phase, what absorbs the extra cytoplasm?
Sertoli cells
60
What is spermiation?
Release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
61
What is the duration of spermatogenesis in bulls?
61 days (time to release of fully formed sperm into lumen of seminiferous tubules)
62
Spermatid journey from lumen of seminiferous tubules
Rete testis —> efferent ducts —> head of epididymus —> body of epididymus —> tail of epididymus —> ductus deferents
63
What is the rete testis?
Tubular network carrying sperm form SNF tubules to efferent ducts
64
What is the mediastinum?
Holds the rete testis in place
65
Sperm in the head of epididymus takes ___________ days to reach the tail of epididymus
8-11 days - also called epididymal transport
66
Are the 3 regions of the epididymus functionally distinct?
Yes! Sperm goes through different modifications in each of the 3 regions
67
What region of the epididymus are fully functional sperm stored?
Tail of epididymus
68
Does T4 influence epididymal function?
Yes
69
What is sperm DNA condensation?
Sperm cells have protamines instead of histones - DNA condensation during spermatogenesis in epididymus
70
Transport of proximal cytoplasmic droplet (PD) to a distal location (DD) happens in the
Body to Tail of epididymus
71
Transport of proximal cytoplasmic droplet (PD) to a distal location (DD) happens in the
Body to tail of epididymus. By the time sperm get to the tail of the epididymus, all sperm will have the distal droplet between their end piece and tail
72
During resorption of fluid, what gets resorbed?
Distal droplet
73
What happens to abnormal sperm?
Phagocytosis
74
Tail of epididymus stores _____________
Mature sperm with the capacity for motility
75
In yearlings during puberty, you may see what kind of sperm in tail of epididymus?
Cells with proximal cytoplasmic droplet
76
Which accessory sex glands do bulls, stallions, and boars all have?
Vesicular glands, prostate, and bulbourethral gland (BUG)
77
in the boar, the BUG (bulbourethral gland) secretes a ____________, which causes ____________
Viscous fluid, which causes coagulation of seminal plasma following an ejaculation
78
Which accessory glands do a dog have?
Prostate
79
Which accessory glands do a cat have?
Bulbourethral and prostate
80
What does semen comprise
Sperm and seminal plasma
81
Seminal plasma is made up of
Fluids from the testis, epididymus, and accessory sex glands
82
What is seminal plasma rich in
Electrolytes, fructose, ascorbic acid, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, growth factors, and various proteins
83
What does seminal plasma do
Nourish sperm, cleans urethra, and serves as a vehicle for the delivery of sperm

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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