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321 - Physiology > Lecture 20 - Blood function and composition 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 - Blood function and composition 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of an erythrocyte?

A

-Biconcave shape for increased surface area
-Flexible (to pass through capillaries)
-No nucleus or mitochondria
-produced in bone marrow
-Primary cell content is hemoglobin

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2
Q

What do yogurt-making bacteria and RBC’s have in common?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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3
Q

What is hemoglobin made up of?

A
  • 2 alpha subunits
  • 2 beta subunits
  • heme group
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4
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules can one erythrocyte have?

A

300 million

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5
Q

How does iron bind with oxygen?

A

Reversibly

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6
Q

What colour is oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin - bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin - dark red

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7
Q

Does hemoglobin release all of its oxygen at one time?

A

Not usually, amount of oxygen released depends on tissue need for oxygen

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8
Q

What does CO2 bind to in hemoglobin?

A

Amino acids. Forms carbaminohemoglobin

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9
Q

How does the binding of oxygen affect hemoglobin?

A

It reduces its affinity for CO2 and H+, allowing the CO2 to be displaced

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10
Q

If hemoglobin is in a deoxygenated state, what does it carry more of?

A

CO2

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11
Q

What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Carbon monoxide binds competitively with oxygen and has a higher affinity. It binds to Hb irreversibly and therefore oxygen cannot bind

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12
Q

What characterizes anemia?

A

-Insufficient RBC’s
-Decreased Hb content
-Abnormal Hb

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13
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Hb is abnormal in shape, limiting its ability to carry oxygen and travel through capillaries

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14
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An abnormal excess of RBC’s that increases the viscosity of the blood

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15
Q

What are 3 common causes of polycythemia?

A

-Bone marrow cancer
-A response to reduced availability of oxygen at high altitudes
-Kidney malfunction

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16
Q

How are old RBC’s removed from the system?

A

Phagocytosis by macrophages of the spleen

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17
Q

What can happen to an RBC as it ages?

A

It may acquire senescent antigens and lose its flexibility, which can cause it to become trapped in the spleen and destroyed by macrophages

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18
Q

What happens after an RBC is destroyed?

A
  • Hb is converted to heme and globin
  • Iron is released and stored in macrophage or released into circulation to go back to marrow
  • Heme is converted to bilirubin
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19
Q

What are characteristics of leukocytes?

A

-Defend against bacteria, viruses, and other microbes
-Provide immunity
-about 1% of blood
-Has a nucleus
-Produced in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

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20
Q

What are the 2 groups of leukocytes?

A

-Granulocytes
-Agranulocytes

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21
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

-Contain cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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22
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

-Lack obvious granules
-Lymphocytes and monocytes

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23
Q

What happens to the number of WBC’s during an infection?

A

It increases

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24
Q

What does pus consist of?

A

Dead WBC’s

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25
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

26
Q

What is the lifespan of a WBC?

A

Depends on the cell:
-Several hours to days for most WBC’s
-Many years for a few memory cells

27
Q

What are characteristics of neutrophils?

A

-40-70% of WBC’s
-Small granules that stain lilac
-Nucleus is multi-lobed
-6-9 days for development
-6 hours to a few days lifespan

28
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytize bacteria

29
Q

What are characteristics of eosinophils?

A

-1-4% of WBC’s
-Larger granules that stain orange
-Nucleus bi-lobed
-6-9 days for development
-8-12 days lifespan

30
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

-Kill parasitic worms
-Destroy antigen-antibody complexes
-Inactivate some inflammatory chemical of allergy

31
Q

What are characteristics of basophils?

A

-0.5% of WBC’s
-Large granules that stain blue/purple
-3-7 days for development
-Few hours to days lifespan

32
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

-Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation
-Contain heparin (anticoagulent)

33
Q

What are characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

-T and B cells
-20-45% WBC’s
-Large nuclei with little cytoplasm
-days to weeks for development
-hours to years lifespan

34
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Mount an immune response by direct cell attack (T cells) or via antibodies (B cells)

35
Q

What are characteristics of monocytes?

A

-4-8% WBC’s
-U-shaped nucleus
-2-3 days development
-months lifespan

36
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

-Phagocytosis
-Develop into macrophages in tissues

37
Q

What is the smallest blood cell?

A

Platelet

38
Q

What is the size of an erythrocyte?

A

6.5-8 um

39
Q

What is the size range of leukocytes?

A

6 (lymphocyte) - 20 (monocyte) um

40
Q

Why is leukopenia common in chemotherapy?

A

Because chemotherapy destroys fast growing cells, like leukocytes, hair, and intestinal epithelial cells

41
Q

What is leukemia?

A

An abnormally high level of WBC’s in the bone marrow, which impairs normal marrow function

42
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes without a nucleus

43
Q

What do platelets usually look like?

A

Round, oval, or spiky

44
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

8-12 days

45
Q

What is the primary function of platelets?

A

To limit blood loss

46
Q

Where do platelets go after entering circulation?

A

A third go to the spleen for storage if a blood vessel ruptures, the rest remain in circulation

47
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The formation of new blood cells

48
Q

How is hematopoiesis controlled?

A

Factors in the environment of the developing cell

49
Q

How many blood cells are made on average per day?

A

100 billion

50
Q

Where does hematopoiesis usually take place in adults?

A

Bone marrow of the axial skeleton

51
Q

Where does hematopoiesis usually take place as a fetus?

A

Yolk sac, liver, and spleen

52
Q

Where does hematopoiesis usually take place early in life?

A

Bone marrow of long bones

53
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

The divide into committed stem cells, which then divide and differentiate into mature cells

54
Q

What type of stem cell produces RBC’s and platelets?

A

Myeloid stem cell

55
Q

What type(s) of stem cells produce WBC’s?

A

Myeloid stem cell -> myeloblast

Lymphoid stem cell -> lymphoblast

56
Q

What is erythropoiesis and where does it take place?

A

-Formation of RBC’s
-Occurs in bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells

57
Q

What happens as an RBC matures?

A

Nuclei and most organelles are released from the cell and the cell becomes smaller

58
Q

What is erythropoiesis regulated by?

A

Renal oxygen content

59
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone produced by renal cells (liver cells as a fetus) in response to decreased renal blood oxygen content

60
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

Erythrocyte production in the bone marrow

61
Q

What can cause a drop in renal blood oxygen level?

A

-Reduced RBC’s (hemorrhage or excess RBC destruction)
-Reduced availability of oxygen to blood (high altitudes, pneumonia)
-Increased demand for oxygen

62
Q

What are the 3 dietary requirements for erythropoiesis?

A

-Iron
-Vitamin B12
-Folic acid

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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