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321 - Physiology > Lecture 10 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Which types of muscle are striated?

A

-Skeletal
-Cardiac

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2
Q

What type of muscle isn’t striated?

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal

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4
Q

Which type of muscle is under involuntary control?

A

-Cardiac
-Smooth

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5
Q

What are the functional properties of skeletal muscle?

A

-Contractility (shorten)
-Excitability (receive/respond to stimuli)
-Extensibility (lengthen)
-Elasticity (return to normal)

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6
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

-Production of movement
-Maintaining posture
-Stabilizing joints
-Generating heat

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7
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle

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8
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Connective tissue surround the fascicles (muscle bundles)

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9
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fibre

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10
Q

What are the contractile proteins of a myofibril and what is their function?

A

Actin and Myosin
–> generates force during contraction

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11
Q

What are the regulatory proteins of a myofibril and what is their function?

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin
–> Initiate and terminate contraction

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12
Q

What are the structural proteins of a myofibril and what is their function?

A

Titin, Myomesin, Dystrophin
–> Maintain alignment, elastic and extensible

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibres

A

-Slow oxidative (Type 1)
-Fast oxidative-glycolytic (Type 2A)
-Fast glycolytic (Type 2B)

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of slow oxidative (Type 1) fibres?

A

-Red colour
-High fatigue resistance
-Aerobic
-High ATP generation
-Low contraction velocity

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of fast oxidative-glycolytic (Type 2A) fibres?

A

-Red/pink colour
-Intermediate fatigue resistance
-Aerobic & glycolysis
-Intermediate ATP generation
-High contraction velocity

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of fast glycolytic (Type 2B) fibres?

A

-White colour
-Low fatigue resistance
-Glycolysis
-Low ATP generation
-High contraction velocity

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17
Q

What is Myomensin?

A

A structural protein within a sarcomere (M Line). Anchors myosin (thick filament).

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18
Q

What makes up the Z Line and what is its function?

A

Made up of Actinin and Nebulin.
Function: Anchors actin filaments, gets pulled inward during contraction

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19
Q

What is the function of Titin?

A

Is the skeleton of the sarcomere and provides passive elasticity

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20
Q

What is another name for cross-bridges?

A

Myosin heads

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21
Q

What steps occur after a muscle fibre receives an action potential?

A
  1. Ca2+ is released and binds with troponin
  2. Pulls troponin-tropomyosin complex away from cross bridge binding site
  3. Cross-bridge binding occurs and the myosin pulls on the actin
  4. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and the cross-bridge releases. Binding site becomes re-covered by TT complex
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22
Q

What is another name for a muscle fibre

A

Myocyte

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23
Q

Where is calcium released from?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What is responsible for controlling the amount of Calcium available?

A

Calsequestrin

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25
Q

What is the composition of an actin filament?

A

-Actin molecules
-Troponin
-Tropomyosin

26
Q

A myocyte has _______ nuclei

A

many

27
Q

What is the functional (contractile) unit of muscle?

A

Sarcomere

28
Q

What are A and I bands?

A

A Band: myosin and actin and M line
I Band: only actin and Z line

29
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Area with only myosin

30
Q

What area of the sarcoplasmic reticulum produces Calsequestrin?

A

Cisternae

31
Q

What makes up the triad of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

2 Terminal cisternae and T-tubule

32
Q

What is different about cardiac muscle compared to other striated muscle?

A

-Uninucleated/binucleated
-Branched
-Lots of mitochondria and lipids

33
Q

How do cardiac muscle cells communicate with each other?

A

Through gap junctions, where the action potential signal travels through

34
Q

What is functional syncytium?

A

Rapid, synchronous contractions

35
Q

How long is a cardiac action potential?

A

100-250 msec

36
Q

How long is the action potential in skeletal muscle?

A

1-2 msec

37
Q

Why is the cardiac action potential slower than the skeletal muscle action potential?

A

Slow calcium channels which bring extracellular Ca2+ to trigger sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release

38
Q

What type of organs usually have smooth muscle?

A

Hollow organs

39
Q

What shape are the cells in smooth muscle?

A

Fusiform (spindle shaped)

40
Q

What DOESN’T smooth muscle have?

A

-Myofibrils
-T-tubules

41
Q

What are Caveolae?

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels in the SR of smooth muscle

42
Q

What are the dense bodies in smooth muscle and what do they do?

A

Z-lines
-Anchors actin
-In the membrane or cytoplasm

43
Q

What is multi-unit smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle cells that are separately innervated (neurogenic)

44
Q

What are examples of multi-unit smooth muscles?

A

Ciliary body and iris

45
Q

What is single-unit smooth muscle?

A

Muscle fibres are connected via gap junctions and the impulse can travel between cells (myogenic)

46
Q

What are examples of single-unit smooth muscles?

A

-GI tract
-Respiratory
-Urinary
-Reproductive
-Vasculature

47
Q

How many nuclei does smooth muscle have?

A

One (uninucleated)

48
Q

Which types of muscles have sarcomeres?

A

-Skeletal
-Cardiac

49
Q

Which types of muscles have T-tubules and where?

A

-Skeletal (A and I band junction)
-Cardiac (Z line)

50
Q

What does smooth muscle have instead of T-tubules?

A

Caveoli

51
Q

Where does cardiac muscle have gap junctions?

A

At the intercalated discs

52
Q

Which muscle types have individual neuromuscular junctions?

A

-Skeletal
-Smooth (multi-unit)

53
Q

What is the source of calcium for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?

A

Skeletal: SR
Cardiac: SR and ECF
Smooth: ECF

54
Q

Where is the site of Ca2+ binding and regulation in skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

Troponin on thin filaments

55
Q

Where is the site of Ca2+ binding and regulation in smooth muscle?

A

Calmodulin in SR

56
Q

Which type of muscle can tetanize?

A

Skeletal and smooth (but not as often)

57
Q

Which muscles have a slow onset of contraction?

A

-Cardiac
-Smooth

58
Q

Where is the nervous input in skeletal muscle?

A

Nicotinic receptors

59
Q

Where is the nervous input in cardiac muscle?

A

Excitation at B1 receptor; inhibition at muscarinic receptors

60
Q

Where is the nervous input in smooth muscle?

A

Excitation and inhibition at muscarinic receptors; Excitation at alpha or beta receptors

61
Q

Are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Skeletal: aerobic and anaerobic
Cardiac: aerobic
Smooth: mostly aerobic

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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