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321 - Physiology > Lecture 8 - Voluntary Control of Locomotion > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Voluntary Control of Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is brain mapping

A

Applying electrical current to an area of the brain and seeing what happens

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2
Q

What is the motor humunculous

A

A mapping of what areas of the brain/motor cortex control what areas

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3
Q

What is a motor sequence

A

A complex movement can be broken down into a chain of small components - catching a ball- first lift arm, etc

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4
Q

Repetitive performance of complex motor sequences allows you to develop

A

Automation (motor memory)

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5
Q

Motor sequence

A

A sequence of movements programmed by the brain and produced as a unit

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6
Q

To create a motor sequence, what happens

A

The cortex sends general programs to the brainstem and spinal cord. Spinal cord coordinates specific movements

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7
Q

Examples of convolutions in brain

A

Gyri and sulci

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8
Q

Cerebral cortex - convolutions allow for

A

3 times the information to be packed in compared to a perfectly smooth structure

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9
Q

Cerebral cortex appearance

A

Thin outer shell of grey matter with neurons including UMN

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10
Q

Left & right cortex are connected by

A

Corpus callosum, which transfers information between the two halves of the brain

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11
Q

Regions of the cortex are grouped into 4 lobes named after the skull bones under which they lie. Name them:

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex is organized into

A

6 layers

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13
Q

Layer 4 of cerebral cortex receives input from

A

Main input from thalamus

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14
Q

Layer 5 of the cerebral cortex’s main output is to

A

Spinal cord, thalamus, and brain stem

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15
Q

Cortex is organized into columns. Cells in layers in columns predominately participate in

A

A function - ie movement of index finger

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16
Q

Where is sensory input relayed from

A

Afferent neuronal receptors

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17
Q

Primary sensory areas (somatosensory, 1° visual, 1° auditory cortices) does the initial cortical processing of

A

Specific sensory input

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18
Q

Higher sensory areas do

A

Further elaboration and processing of specific sensory input

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19
Q

Association areas do

A

Integration, storage, and use of diverse sensory input for planning of purposeful action

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20
Q

Higher motor areas do programming of

A

Sequences of movement in context of diverse information provided

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21
Q

Primary motor cortex does commanding of

A

Efferent motor neurons to initiate voluntary movement

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22
Q

Motor output is relayed through

A

Efferent motor neurons to appropriate skeletal muscles, which carry out desired action

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23
Q

Somatosensory cortex is located posterior to

A

Central fissure

24
Q

Somatosensory cortex is for simple awareness of

A

Touch

25
Q

Temperature is handled by the

A

Thalamus

26
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A
27
Q

More complex processing of sensation such as localization of touch and intensity is handled by the

A

Somatosensory cortex

28
Q

Somatosensory cortex projects to

A

Higher centres (eg posterior parietal lobe) for integration with input from other cortical areas

29
Q

The thalamus participates in sensory detection but can’t tell you

A

Where you’re feeling it - happens when there’s damage to somatosensory cortex

30
Q

Receptive fields vary depending on

A

The region innverated

31
Q

Receptive fields of fingers vs upper arm

A

Fingers have many and upper arm has few

32
Q

Way to test receptive fields

A

Two-point discrimination task - put calipers on back and spread apart until person can feel there’s two then do same thing on hand with eyes closed - then measure the distance

33
Q

Somatotopic

A

Body representation

34
Q

Sensory somatotopic map: sensory humunculous

A

Maps are plastic and can change following training, amputation of a limb, etc

35
Q

Somatosensory input from the limbs is sent from the ________ to the ___________

A

From the Somatosensory cortex to the association cortices (parietal lobe)

36
Q

Visual input regarding limb position is sent from _______ to _______

A

Occipital lobe to the parietal lobe

37
Q

A body map is generated which relies on

A

Both visual and somatosensory input

38
Q

Areas movement is planned in

A

Supplemental motor, pre-motor, and prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Primary motor cortex is responsible for

A

Simple movements (like moving ur finger)

40
Q

The pre motor and supplementary motor area generate complex movements by

A

Chaining together movements produced by the primary motor cortex

41
Q

Are the motor somatotopic and sensory somatotopic map the same?

A

No, similar, but not identical

42
Q

Where inputs to the motor cortex?

A

Premotor Cortex, corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex

43
Q

Major output of primary motor cortex

A

Axons from primary motor cortex
Spinal cord (motor neurons & muscles)

Brain: cerebellum, brainstem, basal ganglia

44
Q

What Corticospinal tract is involved in coordinating fine movement tasks

A

Lateral Corticospinal tract

45
Q

Precision vs power grip

A

Precision grip is precise, power grip is just for strength

46
Q

Is the motor cortex active during power grip

A

No, different neurons active in power grip.

47
Q

Is motor cortex active during precision grip

A

Yes

48
Q

Is the motor cortex active during movement

A

Only active in planning & executing movement

49
Q

If a cat is walking up to an obstacle, will it hit the obstacle with hind limbs when walking by?

A

No, as the brain has noted it and will send signals to avoid it

50
Q

Basal ganglia consist of

A

4 large subcortical nuclei that participate in control of movement

51
Q

Do basal ganglia have direct input or output with the spinal cord?

A

NO

52
Q

Where is basal ganglia’s input/output?

A

Input - from cortex
Output - to thalamus and then on to cortex

53
Q

3 theories on basal ganglia function

A
  • facilitate and inhibit various movements
    -compares motor commands with what body is doing
  • initiation of automatically generated movement sequences
54
Q

Is Parkinson’s disease documented in animals other than humans?

A

No

55
Q

Lesion studies involving the basal ganglia show that

A

Basal ganglia plays a key role in movement selection

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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