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321 - Physiology > Lecture 19 - Blood Function and Composition > Flashcards

Lecture 19 - Blood Function and Composition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transport
  • Maintenance of homeostasis
  • Defense
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2
Q

How is the blood involved in transportation?

A
  • Brings nutrients to where they are needed in the body
  • Transports body wastes to where they can be eliminated
  • Transports hormones
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3
Q

What needed materials are transported in the blood?

A

Oxygen and nutrients

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4
Q

What wastes are transported through the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide, metabolic waste

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5
Q

Do single celled organisms need blood?

A

No, diffusion is enough (simple or facilitated). Single celled organisms can exchange directly with the environment.

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6
Q

What is carried in plasma?

A
  • Waste and excess water to the kidneys for excretion
  • Glucose and other nutrients from the gut to cells
  • Hormones from glands to the areas that use them
  • Carbon dioxide (mainly)
  • White blood cells
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7
Q

What do red blood cells carry?

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

Where is heat carried in the blood?

A

In all parts of the blood.

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9
Q

How is the blood involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A
  • Body temperature control
  • Regulation of body tissue pH (through blood proteins and molecules acting in buffer systems)
  • Regulating the water content of body cells
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10
Q

How is the blood involved in defense?

A
  • Helps the body defend against infection by bacteria, viruses, and mutated cells
  • Protect against injury through blood clotting
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11
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Fluid (plasma)
  • Cells (RBC, WBC)
  • Cell fragments (platelets)
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12
Q

What percent of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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13
Q

What percent of the blood is the buffy coat?

A

<1%, includes leukocytes and platelets

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14
Q

What percent of the blood is erythrocytes?

A

45%

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15
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The amount of RBCs as a percent of the total blood volume.

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16
Q

What is the normal hematocrit for (human) females?

A

37-48%

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17
Q

What is the normal hematocrit level for (human) males?

A

45-52%

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18
Q

How does hematocrit change with altitude?

A

The hematocrit value increases with higher altitudes.

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19
Q

What fraction of the body weight is blood?

A

8%

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20
Q

What is the normal blood volume for human males and females?

A

F: 4-5L
M: 5-6L

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21
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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22
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood?

A

280-300 mOsm/L

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23
Q

What is the blood viscosity relative to water?

A

4.5 - 5.5

24
Q

What is the viscosity of plasma relative to water?

A

2

25
Q

What is viscosity?

A

A measure of a fluid’s thicccccness ;) or resistance to flow.

26
Q

What influences the viscosity of blood?

A

The presence of the plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood.

27
Q

The viscosity of blood has a dramatic impact on _____.

A

Blood pressure and flow.

28
Q

Why does hematocrit increase with higher altitudes?

A

To compensate for the lower oxygen pressure, the body adapts by increasing the production of red blood cells.

29
Q

Why is whole blood more viscous than plasma?

A

Whole blood formed elements - plasma does not.

30
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38 C

31
Q

Why is blood temperature higher than body temperature?

A

Blood experiences friction and resistance as it flows. This produces heat, accounting for the slightly higher temperature of blood.

32
Q

How to calculate blood volume from weight and total blood volume in (mL/kg)?

A

weight x total blood volume (mL/kg) = blood volume (mL)

33
Q

List from most to least abundant in blood: hemoglobin, RBC, platelet, and WBC.

A
  1. RBC
  2. Platelet
  3. WBC
  4. Hemoglobin
34
Q

What is found in plasma?

A
  • Water (92% of plasma)
  • Proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, enzymes)
  • Sugar
  • Amino acid
  • Lactic acid
  • Lipids
  • Iron
  • Vitamins
  • Electrolytes
35
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin

36
Q

What does albumin do and where is it produced?

A
  • Serves as binding and transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones. Lipids are hydrophobic; however, binding to albumin enables their transport in the water-based plasma.
  • Produced in liver.
37
Q

What plasma protein is the most significant contributor to blood osmotic pressure?

A

Albumin

38
Q

What do globulins do and where are they produced?

A
  • The alpha and beta globulins are produced in the liver, and transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells. Also contribute to osmotic pressure.
  • The gamma globulins are proteins involved in immunity and are better known as an antibodies or immunoglobulins. They are produced by specialized leukocytes known as plasma cells.
39
Q

List the plasma proteins from most to least abundant.

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
40
Q

What does fibrinogen do and where is it produced?

A
  • Essential for blood clotting.
  • Produced in the liver.
41
Q

What is the function of electrolytes in the plasma?

A
  • Osmotic balance
  • pH buffering
  • Blood clotting
  • Defense
  • Lipid transport
42
Q

What is the function of water in plasma?

A
  • 90% of plasma volume
  • Solvent for carrying other substances
  • Absorbs heat
43
Q

What would cause total protein in blood to be increased?

A

Dehydration, inflammation.

44
Q

What could cause total protein in blood to be decreased?

A

Bleeding, malnutrition, CHF.

45
Q

What would cause albumin concentration to increase in blood?

A

Dehydration.

46
Q

What could cause albumin concentration to decrease in blood?

A

Bleeding, CHF, liver failure.

47
Q

What could cause globulin to increase in blood?

A

Infections or inflammation (present with some long-term infectious disease).

48
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

An increased level of hematocrit.

49
Q

What is anemia?

A

A decrease in hematocrit.

50
Q

What can cause anemia?

A
  • Blood loss
  • Destruction???
  • Lack of RBC production
51
Q

What affects the clinical signs of anemia?

A
  • The degree of anemia.
  • Duration (acute/chronic).
  • Underlying cause.
52
Q

How much blood loss can cause shock or death?

A

More than 1/3 of blood lost in a short time.

53
Q

What signs will the animal present in acute blood loss?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Pale mucous membranes
  • Bounding or weak peripheral pulses
  • Hypotension
54
Q

What are the signs of chronic anemia?

A
  • Lethargy
  • Weakness
  • Anorexia
55
Q

Why can acute anemia cause tachycardia?

A

Heart is working harder to compensate for reduced blood volume.

56
Q

Why can acute anemia cause pale mucous membranes?

A

Less blood going to tissues.

57
Q

Why can acute anemia cause either weak or bounding pulses?

A
  • Depends if the body is still compensating or not.
  • Depends on amount of blood loss.

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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