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321 - Physiology > Lecture 17 - Respiratory Physiology # 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Respiratory Physiology # 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epiglottis’ job?

A

To cover the trachea during swallowing so choking doesn’t occur

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2
Q

Why is it important for the alveoli to be so thin?

A

So gas exchange can be as efficient as possible

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3
Q

Which segments of the respiratory system contain cilia?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles and Some Respiratory Bronchioles

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4
Q

Which structures in the respiratory system contain cartilage?

A

Trachea, Bronchi (patchy)

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5
Q

Where is pressure lower: intrapleural or intrapulmonary

A

Intrapleural pressure is lower than intrapulmonary pressure and this is what prevents lungs from collapsing

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6
Q

Where is intrapulmonary pressure referring to?

A

Inside the lungs

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7
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lung’s anatomy?

A

Beyond the level of bronchioles = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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8
Q

Is costal breathing normal breathing?

A

No, we might see costal breathing during dyspnea or when the abdomen is painful

Costal breathing = requires intercostal muscles. AKA shallow breathing.

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9
Q

When is intrapulmonary pressure slightly positive during the respiratory cycle?

A

On expiration

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10
Q

What pathology may be secondary to hyperventilation?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

Low blood CO2 levels

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11
Q

What structures of the respiratory system contain smooth muscle?

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles (some), alveolar ducts (some)

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the nasal cavity?

A

Warm and humidify air

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13
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

To greatly reduce friction between lung and chest wall

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14
Q

What does pliability refer to? Why might this be important?

A

The ability for the nares to dilate. This is important if an animal needs more air or if they are obligate nose breathers

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15
Q

What happens to f (breathe rate) in a disease state?

A

Increases (usually)

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16
Q

Define ventilation:

A

The exchange of gas that is in the airways and alveoli with atmospheric air thus replenishing alveoli with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

What is tidal volume? (V T)

A

Total volume of air brought into the body during one normal breath

includes dead space and alveolar volume

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18
Q

What is the average mL/Kg for Tidal Volume?

A

~15mL/Kg

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19
Q

Term for: excess and reduced CO2

A

Hypercapnia or hypocapnia

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20
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid shallow breaths (different from hyperventilation) after exercise

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21
Q

Definition for respiration

A

Movement of oxygen into the animal and distribution to the tissue along with the movement of carbon dioxide out of the tissues and expelled from the animal

22
Q

Polypnea

A

Rapid breathing e.g. panting

not tachypnea which is rapid and shallow

23
Q

Pleura

A

Thin membranes adhering body cavities to body walls

24
Q

Normoventilation

A

Normal, usual breathing
CO2 levels maintained within the normal range (~40mmHg)

25
Q

What is the anatomic dead space or conducting zone?

A

An area where no diffusion or gas exchange occurs

26
Q

What is mean dead space volume (mL/kg)

A

~5 mL/Kg

27
Q

Where (anatomically/at what structures in the airway) would the dead space be found?

A

Above the level of respiratory bronchioles = trachea, bronchi, bronchiles

28
Q

Intrapleural pressure during inspiration

A

-10mmHg

29
Q

Intrapleural pressure at end of expiration

A

-5mmHg

30
Q

What secondary pathology occurs with hypoventilation?

A

Respiratory acidosis

high blood CO2

31
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Lower ventilation levels than the patient’s needs

32
Q

When does hypoventilation occur most often

A

sedation and anesthesia

33
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Increased depth of breathing

34
Q

Eupnea

A

Abdominal breathing = normal, quiet respiration

35
Q

Bradypnea

A

Slow breathing rate

36
Q

Alveolar ventilation definition

A

Volume of gas that actually participates in gas exchange over a period of time

37
Q

Alveolar ventilation equation

A

Number of breaths times the difference in tidal volume and dead space
V A = f x (V T- V D)

f = # of breaths, V T = tidal volume, V D = deadspace volume

38
Q

About how much does the intrapulmonary pressure change by during the respiratory cycle?

A

~1mmHg
Since pressure equilibrates so rapidly as air moves in and out

39
Q

About how much does intrapleural pressure vary during the respiratory cycle?

A

5mmHg

40
Q

What feature of the trachea ensures it does not collapse?

A

Cartilaginous rings

41
Q

How would we calculate expired minute volume?

VE with dot over top

A

VE = f x VT

42
Q

If V signifies volume, what does V with a dot over top mean?

A

This refers to volume over a certain period of time

43
Q

“f”

A

Respiratory rate
Number of breaths per minute

44
Q

During panting respiratory frequency 1. (increases or decreases?) and tidal volume 2. (increases or decreases? so that alveolar ventilation remains constant

A
  1. increases
  2. decreases
45
Q

How many phases of inspiratory and expiratory during one cycle of breathing for most animals? What about for horses?

A

1:1
Horses are the exception with 2 phases to inspiration and expiration

46
Q

Which pleura forms the central part of the thoracic cavity?

A

Mediastinal pleura

47
Q

Which pleura adheres to the lungs?

A

Visceral plerua

48
Q

During inspiration muscles 1. (contract or relax?), diaphragm 2. (contracts or relaxes?), and ribs move 3. (inwards or outwards)

A
  1. Contract
  2. Contracts
  3. Outwards
49
Q

When the lungs expand pressure in the alveoli becomes (negative or positive)?

A

negative - so air flows in

50
Q

What brings the chest wall and lungs back to resting positions?

hint: is this an active or passive process?

A

Elastic recoil

51
Q

Apnea

A

Suspension of normal breathing

52
Q

Hypoxia vs hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia is a pathological condition where the body or a region is deprived of adequate oxygen. Hypoxemia is artificially low PO2 - you can have hypoxia in the absence of hypoxemia

321 - Physiology (52 decks)

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