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Board Review 2020 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How is progesterone related to pregnancy?

A

Progesterone required to maintain (> 2 ng/ml) preganancy but not markedly different than non pregnant females

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2
Q

What signals parturition

A

Fetal:
Cortisol released from fetus increased maternal estrogen.
Increase in proteins for contraction and prostagladin release
PGE2 resultes in lysis of corups luteum which causes decrease in progesterone and increase in prolactin
Within 24 hours of progesterone drop.

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3
Q

What stimulates oxytocin release

A

Released due to pressure placed on cervix and released from postieor pituitary

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4
Q

What are the stages of parturition

A

1) 6-12 hrs, Increase PGF2 Alpha, Decrese progesterone
Sublinical contractions, cervix dilation, nesting
2) 2-12 hrs (cats up to 24 hrs); increase relaxin, oxytocin
Overt abdominal contractions / expulsion of fetus from vaginal canal
3) varies (5-15 minutes) Oxytocin
Placenta expulsion, uterine involution

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5
Q

How do singletons increase risk of dystocia

A

less leutolytic hormone

No drop in prepartum progesterone

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6
Q

What are the clinical categories for dystocia

A

Failure to begin stage 2 labor
cessation of stage 2 labor before complete
prolonged unproductive labor stage 2
apparently normal stage 2 labor with fetal distress

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7
Q

Define dystocia

A

difficult birth or inability to expel fetus through the birth canal

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8
Q

How do you categorize fetal presentation

A

Presenation: anterior, posterior, transverse
Position: fetal spine in relation to dams pelvis
Posture: How fetus head and limbs are positioned to its body
40% bor posterior position dogs

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9
Q

What are maternal causes for dystocia

A

uterine inertia, stress/environement, heriditary, decreased calcium, inadequate oxytocin
abnormal pelvic canal, uterine prolapse/torsion, vaginal stricture mass

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10
Q

What are fetal causes for dystocia

A

malpresenation, fetal death (decreased cortisol release), Oversize, fetal malformation

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11
Q

When should evaluation for dystocia occur

A

Systemic illness
Stage 1 for > 12 hours no progression
No puppy after 2 hours of stage 2 labor
Forceful contractions for 30 min with no fetus
Uteroverdin in vaginal discharge but no puppy/kitten within 2 hrs

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12
Q

What is a normal fetal heart rate

A

200-220

< 180 = stress

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13
Q

What are indications for medical management of dystocia

A

Labor not progloned
cervix dilated
fetal size is within limits for vaginal delivery
Obstructive causes have been ruled out

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14
Q

What is the treatment to medically manage dystocia

A

Correct electrolytes, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia

Oxyttocin 0.5-2 IU SC, IM

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15
Q

Define eclampsia

A

acute depletion of ionized calcium in the extracellular compartment during the peripartum period

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16
Q

What are risk factors for eclampsia

A

young primiparous bitches

2-4 weeks post partum most common

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17
Q

What is the treatment for eclampsia and side effects

A

10% calcium gluconate 1.0-1.5 ml/kg d 2.5 ml/kg cat over 30 minutes
Vomit, bradycardia, QT shortenng, arrhythmia if given too fast

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18
Q

Why are steroids contraindicated in ecamplsia treatment

A

Decrease Ca absorption in GI
enhance renal excretion of Ca
Impair osteoclasia

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19
Q

Define metritis

A

ascending bacterial infection associated with partuition. Occurs with low serum progesterone

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20
Q

What are the risk factors with metritis

A

abortion, dystocia, obstruction, obsetric manipulation, retained fetus / placenta, urterine prolapse

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21
Q

What are the common types of bacteria with metritis?

A

E. Coli, Staphylococcus, streptococcus, proteus

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22
Q

What is the return to fertility with metritis

A

Good as not associated with underlying uterine pathology like pyometra

23
Q

How does mastitis occur in dogs

A

ascending infection

Also reported in pseudopregnancy, blastomycosis and myobacterium

24
Q

Does normal milk contain bacteria

A

Yes- small amounts, slightly acidic

25
Q

How can milk pH help determine antibiotic

A

Acidic- TMS (if pups are not going to nurse)
Alkaline- Amoxi/clav
Any- enrofloxacin

26
Q

How do you treat non septic non systemically ill mastitis

A

Warm compress, analgesia, Milk expression

27
Q

What are four reflexes to evaluate neonatal vigor

A

Dorsal stimulation
Righting reflex
Suckling reflex
Rooting reflex

28
Q

APGAR score what is it in dogs

A

7-10 no distress better survival than lower
4-6 moder; 0-3 severe
Assess Heart rate, respiratory rate/crying, reflex irritability, mobility, mm color

29
Q

What are the risks of ‘swing’ a neonate that is not breathing

A

head trauma, dropping, aspiration of stomach contents

30
Q

What is the cause of bradycardia in neonates

A

hypoxemia, hypothermia

Not vagally mediated as does not there until > 4 days of life

31
Q

What is normal USG

A

1.006- 1.007; glucose and protein found in urine as renal tubules not developed

32
Q

What is anasacara

A

congenital edema with or without heart disease

Subq edema, intrathoracic / abdominal fluid accumulation

33
Q

What is neonatal isorethrolysis

A

Kittens with colstral ingestion of a different blood type than their own.
Type B Queen with Type A kittens

34
Q

What is juvenile cellulitis

A

Progressive granulamotous pustular disorder < 4 months generally
Found on face and enlarged lymphnodes; sterile supperative arthritis, pyrexia, anorexia

steroids +/- grisofolivin

35
Q

What are the contributors to neonatal depression following dystocia

A

hypoxia, and anesthetic gents given to the dam

36
Q

What are the treatments after vigorous rubbing does not start breathing

A

Tight fighting mask for breaths at 20-30 cmH2O to expand lungs
Intubate use 12-16 ga IV cath if needed
Once lungs expanded breathing 30 bpm with no more than 10 cm H2O

37
Q

How is epinephrine used in neonatal resucititation

A

if respiratory support and chest compressions not fail then give dose

38
Q

How is doxapram used in neonatal resuscitation

A

controversial
Central stimulant, effects diminished with brain hypoxia
0.1 ml IV

39
Q

When is naloxone administered in neonatal resuscitation

A

Only if dam given opiods before birth. 0.1 mg/kg IV

40
Q

How is at atropine used in neonatal resuscitation

A

Not used as bradycardia is not vagally mediated

41
Q

What is radiographic evidence of fetal death

A

Gas in the body cavities or surrounding sekelton
Overlap/collapse of fetal bones
Alterations of the spatial releationship of bones of the axial skeleton

42
Q

How is heart rate affected by contraction?

A

Fetal heart will decrease as contraction passes over it.

43
Q

What type of epidural may be considered for c-section

A

Opiod epidural as it will allow for retaining of motor function

44
Q

Does the uterus have to be closed and how

A

Does not have to be closed in small study

Should due an inverting pattern either single or double layer

45
Q

What are the types of phimosis described in kittens in JAVMA 2019

A

Type 1: narrowed preputial orifice with generalized swelling and no penile preputial adhesions
Tx: circumfrential preputionplasty
Type 2: narrowed preputial orifice with penile preputial adhesions
Tx: PU

46
Q

JAVMA 2019 how are serum anti Mullerian hormone and progesterone used to diagnosis ovarian remenent syndrome

A

If both increased then likley have ORS

If neither are elevated not likely ORS

47
Q

JVIM 2019 What were the characteristics of anemia found in late pregnant bitches

A

Anemia noted with low colbalamine

increased total iron binding capacity and folate

48
Q

How does pyometra develop

A

Recent estrus and proceeded by cystic endometrial hyperplasia
D 1-4 months after estrus
C ~ 4 weeks

49
Q

Describe the medical management of pyometra

A

PGF2alpha: luetolysis and decrease progesterone levels, leads to cervical opening
dinoprost, cloprostenol, alfaprostol
Dopamine agonists- off label
antiprolactin activity- luteolysis indirectly by decreasing prolactin level

50
Q

What biomarkers are increased with septic pyometra

A

increase c- reactive protien, serum amyloid A, PGF2 metabolites

51
Q

What hormone was elevated during anestrus

A

FSH

52
Q

What hormone is elevated during proestrus

A

Estrogen

53
Q

When is LH elevated

A

about 1 day prior to ovulation, very end of proestrus

54
Q

What hormone is elevated during estrus

A

progesterone

Board Review 2020 (37 decks)

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