Parmacology articles and phys 2017-2019

Question 1

AJVR 2017 What is the recommended dosing interval for prophylatic cefazolin and for which microorganisms

Answer 1

q 4 hrs at a dose of 22 mg/kg

For Staphy and strep…. not for E.coli

Question 2

JVIM 2017 What was found in dogs with oral solution vs capsule itraconazole

Answer 2

In dogs either is exceptable for concentration
Start with loading dose of 20 mg/kg followed by 10 mg/kg dose
Cats need oral solution

Question 3

2017 Vet journal Equine common bacteria how effective were local anesthetics at antimicrobial growth

Answer 3

Lidocaine, bupivicane and mepivacaine were all effective as local antimicrobials—- and may later culture data if injected locally

Question 4

JVIM 2017 In a PK study of dogs was noted about dose in larger dogs and the recommended break point

Answer 4

Larger dogs on same dose acheived lower blood concentrations

At dose of 25 mg/kg recommend break point of 0.06 mcg/ml based on acheivable concentration

Question 5

JVECC 2019 What is the difference in PK and PD

Answer 5

Pharmacockinetics is the effect the body has on the drug

Pharmacodynamics is the effect the drug has on the body (and organism)

Question 6

JVECC 2019 What are the two principle factors of PK

Answer 6

Volume of distribution and drug clearance

Question 7

JVECC 2019 define volume of distribution

Answer 7

the degree of dispersion of antimicrobial from the circulation to the surrounding tissue

Question 8

JVECC 2019 what does increasing Vd lead to

Answer 8

Concentration at the target tissue to be lower… seen with increasing illness severity

Question 9

JVECC 2019 are hydrophilic or lipophilic or both likely to be affected by volume of distrubition in cirtical illness

Answer 9

Only hydrophillic- may require a loading dose

Question 10

JVECC 2019 What are the cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Answer 10

Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, carbapenems, monobactam, bacitracin
Hydrophilic
Route of clearance: Renal

Question 11

JVECC 2019 What are the 30s subunit protien synthesis inhibitors

Answer 11

prevent mRNA translocation
Aminoglyicosides: Hydrophilic, Renal excretion
Tetracyclines: Lipophilic, renal/hepatic excretion

Question 12

JVECC 2019 What are the 50s subunit protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 12

Macrloides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin
Lipophilic
Hepatic excretion

Question 13

JVECC 2019 What are the DNA syntehsis inhibitors (gyrase and toposimerase

Answer 13

Fluorquinolones
Metronidazolen ( reduction in cell, ROS, and DNA)
Lipophilic
Renal/hepatic excretion

Question 14

JVECC 2019 What are RNA synthesis inhibitors

Answer 14

Rifampin
Lipophilic
Hepatic excretion

Question 15

JVECC 2019 Define augmented renal clearance

Answer 15

The GFR in critically ill patients without AKI will increase due to increased CO and decreased SVR therefore get increased in renal excretion of renally excreted abx

Question 16

JVECC 2019 Define MIC

Answer 16

Lowest concentration of an abx agent that will inhibit visible growth of a microgranism after overnight incubation

Question 17

JVECC 2019 define time dependent antibiotics

Answer 17

Killing is when the drug concentration is above the MIC— time above MIC matters
Max killing about 4-5 times MIC

Question 18

JVECC 2019 define concentration dependent antibiotics

Answer 18

max effect is when peak exceeds the MIC several times > 8-10 times

Question 19

JVECC 2019 List time dependent with no or minimal post abx effect

Answer 19

Penicilling/cephalasporins/ vancomycin, monobactams, carbapenems

Question 20

JVECC 2019 List concentration dependent with post abx effect

Answer 20

aminoglycocides
Fluorquinolones
Metronidazole
azithromycin

Question 21

JVECC 2019 List time dependent, concentration enhanced with post abx effect

Answer 21

Clindamycin
erythromycin
linezolid
tetracyclines

Question 22

JVECC 2019 List an antibiotic with only gram negative activity

Answer 22

aminoglycosides

Question 23

JVECC 2019 List an antibitoic with anaerobic gram positive and negative activity

Answer 23

metronidazole, clindamycin

Question 24

JVECC 2019 List antibiotics with 4 quadrant coverage

Answer 24

carbapenems, chloramphenicol

Some sources: TMS, Potentiated penicillins (amoxi/clav)

Question 25

JVECC 2019 List antibiotics with gram positive activity regardless of aerobic/anaerobic

Answer 25

penicillins, vancomycin, linezolid

clindamycin

Question 26

JVECC 2019 List antibiotics that have both aerobic gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Answer 26

Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Fluroquinolones
Increasing to more gram (-) activity 1-4th gen cephalsporins

Question 27

JVIM 2019 What is carbapenems a critically important antibioic generally used for

Answer 27

MDR enterobacteriace (E.Coli, salmonella)

Question 28

JVIM 2019 What side effects from vancomycin IV was found in animals

Answer 28

16% developed AKI but were not able to tell if abx or other nephrotoxic drugs, or disease process
No animals developed neutropenia

Question 29

2019 AJVR What dose of levofloxacin was recommended for healthy beagles and for which microbes might it be used for

Answer 29

Enterobacteriace, and pseudomonas

25 mg/kg orally once daily

Question 30

What is the MOA for galiprant

Answer 30

blocks PGE2 receptor EP4

Question 31

Which cox is inducible and which is constitutve

Answer 31

Both Cox 1 and 2 are both

Question 32

What does Cox 1 produce

Answer 32

PGE2 and thromboxane A2

Question 33

What does Cox 2 produce

Answer 33

PGE2, Prostacyclin (PGI2) and aspirin triggered lipoxin

Question 34

What is the cause of renal injury secondary to NSAID use

Answer 34

Results from inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis