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Biology > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

6 components of the renal system

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Kidney purpose

A

To filter the blood

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3
Q

Urethra purpose

A

Convey nitrogenous waste substances to the outside

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4
Q

Three functions of renal system

A

Maintain normal concentration of water and electrolytes in blood
Regulates pH and fluid volume
Helps control RBC production and blood pressure

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5
Q

What is the area where all the nerves and blood vessels enter the kidney?

A

The renal hilum

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6
Q

Two lumps behind the kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

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7
Q

What is located retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column

A

The kidneys

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8
Q

What holds the kidneys in place?

A

Connective tissue and adipose tissue

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9
Q

What hollow area does the hilum lead to

A

The renal sinus

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10
Q

What are the two main regions of the kidney?

A

The renal cortex

The renal medulla

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11
Q

Functional unit of the kidneys?

A

The nephron

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12
Q

What shape is the medulla?

A

Petal shaped areas

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13
Q

What artery leads to the kidneys and where does it branch from?

A

Renal arteries from aorta

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14
Q

What vein leads from the kidney and where does it lead to?

A

Renal vein to inferior vena cava

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15
Q

Two major parts of the nephron

A

Renal corpuscule

Renal tubule

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16
Q

What is the filtering portion of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscule

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17
Q

What is the renal corpuscule made up of?

A

The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

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18
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A ball of capillaries

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19
Q

Which area of the renal corpuscule receives the filtrate?

A

Glomerulus capsule

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20
Q

What leads away from the glomerular capsule?

A

Renal tubule

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21
Q

What does the renal tubule first become?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

After the proximal convoluted tubule where does the renal tubule lead to?

A

Nephron loop with ascending and descending limbs

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23
Q

After the nephron loop where does the renal tubule lead to?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

24
Q

List in order the areas of the renal tubule

A

Glomerular capsule—-> proximal convoluted tubule ——> nephron loop ——-> distal convoluted tubule

25
Q

What joins to form the collecting duct?

A

Several distal convoluted tubules from different nephrons

26
Q

Which arteriole leads into the glomerulus? Which arteriole leads out of it?

A

In- afferent arteriole (bigger)

Out-efferent arteriole

27
Q

What capillary, leading always from the efferent arteriole, runs along side the renal tubule?

A

Peritubular capillary

28
Q

What smooth muscle cells are in the kidney?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

29
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Fluid portion of the blood is filtered by the glomerulus and enters to glomerular capsule as glomerular filtrate

30
Q

What increases pressure in glomerulus to encourage filtration?

A

Afferent artery larger than efferent artery

31
Q

Pores in glomerular capillaries

A

Fenestrations

32
Q

What cells help prevent plasma proteins from being filtered out of the blood?

A

Podocytes

33
Q

Components of glomerular filtrate

A 
Water 
Electrolytes
Glucose
Urea 
Uric acid
34
Q

Why are plasma proteins not filtered out?

A

Too large

35
Q

What is the movement of fluid out of the capillary caused by?
What is the movement of fluid into the capillary caused by?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Osmotic pressure

36
Q

What 3 factors affect glomerular filtration rate?

A

Glomerular plasma osmotic pressure, filtration pressure and hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus capsule

37
Q

What causes filtration pressure to decrease?

A

Afferent arteriole constricting blood flow

38
Q

What cause filtration pressure to increase?

A

Efferent arteriole constricting blood flow out of glomerulus

39
Q

Where is renin secreted from?

A

Juxtaglomerular kidney cells

40
Q

What does renin do?

A

Increase blood pressure

41
Q

What happens to the efferent arteriole in response to renin?

A

It constricts

42
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

Mostly in the proximal convoluted tubule

43
Q

Why is tubule reabsorption highest in proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Microvilli

Carrier proteins

44
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in tubular reabsorption?

A

Glucose
Water
Amino acids
Proteins

45
Q

Which substances are reabsorbed by active transport

A

Amino acids
Glucose
Ions
Acids

46
Q

What substance is reabsorbed by pinocytosis

A

Proteins

47
Q

After sodium ions are reabsorbed what happens?

A

Water is reabsorbed by osmosis due to the change in water potential

48
Q

Tubular secretion vs tubular reabsorption

A

Tubular reabsorption=products in renal tubule moving back into blood in the capillary
Tubular secretion=products in blood plasma moving into the renal tubule

49
Q

What products move by tubular secretion?

A

Excess hydrogen and potassium ions

50
Q

What directs urine from kidney collecting ducts to bladder?

A

Ureters

51
Q

Three layers of the ureter wall?

A

Mucous coat
Muscular coat
Outer fibrous coat

52
Q

Two urethra muscles

A

Internal urethral sphincter

External urethral sphincter

53
Q

What reflex causes urine to leave the bladder

A

Micturition reflex

54
Q

What causes the micturition reflex

A

Stretching of the bladder

55
Q

What three muscle actions cause micturition

A

Destrusor muscle contracts
External urethral sphincter relaxes
Internal urethral sphincter is forced to open

Biology (19 decks)

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