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Biology > Cardiovascular system I & II > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system I & II Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

The heart, arteries, capillaries and veins

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2
Q

Which circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary circuit

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3
Q

What circuit sends oxygenated blood to all body cells?

A

Systemic circuit

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4
Q

Which vein carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body?

A

Superior vena cava

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5
Q

What artery carries oxygenated blood from the heart around the body?

A

Aorta

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6
Q

What layer encloses the heart?

A

The pericardium

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7
Q

Wha are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

The outer= fibrous pericardium
(Tough connective tissue)
Inner = visceral pericardium

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8
Q

What is the visceral pericardium known as?

A

Epicardium

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9
Q

At the base of the heart, the visceral pericardium folds back to become what?

A

Parietal pericardium (lines the fibrous pericardium)

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10
Q

What is the name of the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia?

A

Pericardial cavity

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11
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral pericardium?

A

Serious fluid to prevent friction

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12
Q

In front of the visceral pericardium what is there?

A

Myocardium

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13
Q

What is the in front of the myocardium?

A

Endocardium

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14
Q

Layers of the heart wall from the inside out

A 
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
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15
Q

Which layer houses blood capillaries and coronary arteries?

A

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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16
Q

Inferior vs superior vena cava

A

Inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body back to the heart
Superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body back to the heart

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17
Q

Which chamber do the superior and inferior vena Cavae bring blood back to?

A

Right atrium

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18
Q

Which chambers pump blood away from the heart?

A

Left and right ventricles

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19
Q

Which chambers receive blood returning back to the heart?

A

Left and right atria

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20
Q

Which chambers have thicker walls? Why?

A

Ventricles

More muscular to pump blood further

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21
Q

What divides the right and left chambers?

A

A septum

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22
Q

What prevents backflow of blood from ventricles to atria?

A

Atrioventricular valve

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23
Q

Which at valve is tricuspid and which is bicuspid?

A

Right- tricuspid

Left- bicuspid

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24
Q

Bicuspid vs tricuspid

A

Bicuspid (left) has two cusps

Tricuspid (right) has three cusps

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25
Q

What attaches to cusps?

A

Chordae tendineae (heart strings)

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26
Q

What are chordae tendineae attached to?

A

Papillary muscles in the inner heart wall that contract during ventricular contraction to prevent blood back flow

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27
Q

What prevents back flow?

A

Muscles in ventricular wall called papillary muscles are attached to chordae tendineae and contract when the ventricles contract to pull the valve shut and prevent backflow

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28
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

Drains blood from the myocardium into the right atrium

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29
Q

Which of the ventricles has a thicker wall?

A

Left ventricle (pumps blood around entire body not just to lungs) higher pressure needed

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30
Q

At the pulmonary trunk between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery there is what?

A

Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve) to prevent blood backflow

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31
Q

The right ventricles pump blood where?

A

Lungs via pulmonary veins

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32
Q

What are the two AV valves called?

A

Bicuspid (left) = mitral valve

Tricuspid (right)

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33
Q

The semilunar valves are known as what?

A

Left ventricle to aorta= aortic valve (to around the body)

Right ventricle to pulmonary artery=pulmonary valve (to lungs)

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34
Q

How many divisions of pulmonary vein return to the left atrium?

A

4

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35
Q

How many divisions of the aorta go around the body?

A

3

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36
Q

Where does blood return to the right atrium from?

A 
Vena cava (both) from body
And coronary sinus from myocardium
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37
Q

What causes blood to move from right atrium to right ventricle?

A

Right atrium contracts increasing pressure in atrium so tricuspid AV valve is forced open and blood flows down pressure gradient into ventricle.

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38
Q

What causes the tricuspid AV valve to close?

A

The ventricle contracts closing it (papillary muscles pull heart strings which shut it)

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39
Q

right ventricle contracts and then what happens?

A

Tricuspid valve closes
Pressure in ventricle increases
Semilunar (pulmonary) valve opens
Blood flows into pulmonary artery to lungs

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40
Q

What leads into pulmonary arteries?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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41
Q

Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to where?

A

Left atrium through pulmonary veins

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42
Q

When the left atrium contracts what happens?

A 
Left bicuspid (mitral) valve opens 
Blood pressure in atrium increases and blood flows into ventricles through mitral valve
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43
Q

Left ventricle contracts causing what?

A

Mitral valve closes due to papillary muscles and heart strings.
Blood pressure increases in ventricles and semilunar (aortic valve) opens
Blood flows into aorta to the body

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44
Q

What arteries supply blood to the heart itself?

A

Left and right Coronary arteries

First branches of the aorta

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45
Q

Branches of the coronary arteries feed what?

A

Capillaries of the myocardium

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46
Q

When does blood in vessels in the heart flow best?

A

During relaxation periods (diastole) because contraction (systole) closes the vessels

47
Q

What drains blood from the heart muscle?

A

Cardiac veins which lead to coronary sinuses, these empty blood into the right atrium

48
Q

What are auricles?

A

Appendages to increase the volume of the atria

49
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

When both atria are contracting in unison.

50
Q

Ventricular systole

A

When both ventricles are contracting

51
Q

Diastole

A

When the whole heart briefly relaxes

52
Q

When is pressure highest in the atria?

A

When atria are contracting

53
Q

What forces the AV valves to open?

A

Higher pressure in the atria than in the ventricles

54
Q

When do the semilunar valves close?

A

When pressure in the ventricles is lower than in the arterial pressure, the semilunar valves close

55
Q

Which valves are open during atrial systole?

A

AV valves (mitral=left=bicuspid) (right=tricuspid)

56
Q

What causes heart sounds?

A

Vibrations in heart tissue as the valves close
The first sounds is as the ventricles contract and AV valves close
The second sounds is as ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves close

57
Q

What causes the abnormal murmur sound?

A

Valve damage

58
Q

What is the functional syncytium and where are they?

A

A mass of merging fibres as a unit

One exists in the atria (atrial syncytium) the other in the ventricles (ventricular syncytium)

59
Q

What separates the syncytia?

A

The fibrous skeleton of the heart

60
Q

What are the two types of cardiac cells?

A 
Electrical cells (conductile)
Myocardial cells (contractile)
61
Q

Which cells are conductile?

A

Electrical cardiac cells

62
Q

Which cells are contractile in the heart?

A

Myocardial cardiac cells

63
Q

What are electrical cardiac cells for and how are they distributed?

A

1) they make up the conduction system of the heart

2) they’re distributed in an orderly fashion through the heart

64
Q

Three properties of electrical cardiac cells?

A

Automaticity
Excitability
Conductivity

65
Q

Where are myocardial cells in the heart?

A

They make up the muscular walls of the atria and ventricles

66
Q

What are two specific properties of myocardial cardiac cells?

A

Contractability

Extensibility

67
Q

What does specialised cardiac muscle tissue do in the cardiac conduction system?

A

Conducts impulses throughout the myocardium

68
Q

What makes up the sinoatrial node?

A

Self exciting mass of specialised cardiac muscle cells

69
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node also known as

A

The pacemaker

70
Q

Where is the SA node (pacemaker) located?

A

The posterior right atrium

71
Q

What generates the impulses for a heart beat?

A

The SA node (pacemaker)

72
Q

What’s special about the cardiac muscles that make up the pacemaker (SA node)?

A

They are self-exciting (self exciting cells)

73
Q

Where does the impulse (created by the pacemaker) spread to after being generated in the posterior right atrium?

A

They spread to the atrial syncytium

74
Q

What happens when the impulse spreads to the atrial syncytium?

A

The atria contract

75
Q

Where does the impulse spread to after the atrial syncytium?

A

Junctional fibres leading to the atrioventricular node (AV node) in the septum

76
Q

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

A

In the septum

77
Q

What allows the atria to contract simultaneously?

A

The delay through the junctional fibres

78
Q

Where does the electrical impulse spread to after the AV node?

A

To branches of the AV bundle and down the interventricular septum (between ventricles)

79
Q

What branches off the bundle branches?

A

Purkinje fibres

80
Q

Where do purkinje fibres lead to?

A

The ventricular wall and papillary muscles

81
Q

What do purkinje fibres stimulate in the ventricular wall?

A

Contraction on papillary muscles as the ventricles contract

82
Q

Where does the electrical impulse for contraction start and finish?

A

Starts in the SA node

Finishes in the ventricular syncytium

83
Q

What does an electrocardiogram record?

A

The electrical changes that occur in the cardiac cycle

84
Q

What 5 types of blood vessel are there in the cardiac system?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
85
Q

Centre of a blood vessel

A

Lumen

86
Q

What makes artery walls adapted for high blood pressure?

A

Thick muscular, elastic walls to withstand high blood pressure

87
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To prevent back flow of blood in slow blood pressure

88
Q

What is the outside layer of blood vessels called?

A

Tunica externa

89
Q

What branches off from an arteriole to individual cells?

A

Capillaries

90
Q

What does a sphincter do between arterioles and capillaries?

A

It adjusts blood flow from arterioles into smaller capillaries

91
Q

Why are capillary membranes porous?

A

For tissue fluid formation

92
Q

What is the name of the fluid in the extravascular space around capillaries?

A

Interstitial fluid

93
Q

What four forces operate across capillary membranes?

A

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

94
Q

When is arterial pressure highest?

A

When ventricles are contracting

95
Q

When is arterial pressure lowest?

A

When ventricles relax

96
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer

97
Q

What 4 factors influence arterial pressure?

A

Cardiac output
Blood volume
Peripheral resistance (friction between walls of blood vessels and blood)
Blood viscosity (thickness)

98
Q

Stroke volume x heart rate =

A

Cardiac output

99
Q

Cardiac output x peripheral resistance =

A

Blood pressure

100
Q

What increases stroke volume and cardiac output?

A

Stronger ventricular contraction

101
Q

What detects change in BP

A

Baroreceptors

102
Q

If baroreceptors detect raised BP from raised cardiac output what happens?

A 
Sensory impulses sent to cardiac centre
Parasympathetic impulses to heart
SA node inhibited 
Heart rate decreases
BP decreases
103
Q

Other than heart contraction, what 3 factors affect venous blood flow?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction
Breathing movements
Vasoconstriction

104
Q

What are the two circuits in the double circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary circuit

Systemic circuit

105
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

An opening of the septum between the two atria in a fetal heart that closes at birth

106
Q

What is the ductus ateriosus

A

A short broad vessel in the fetus that connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta to bypass to lungs

107
Q

What is the ductus venous?

A

A vein in the fetus passing through the liver connecting the left umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava

108
Q

What does the foramen ovale become after birth?

A

Fossa ovalis

109
Q

What does the ductus venous become after birth?

A

Ligamentum venosum

110
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

111
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Depolarisation of the atria

112
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Depolarisation is the ventricles

113
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Repolarisation of the ventricles

114
Q

Functional syncytium

A

Cardiac muscles work together

Biology (19 decks)

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