Endocrine system Flashcards
What are the main cells of the endocrine system?
Epithelial cells
The chemical signal in the nervous system is a neurostransmitter. What is the chemical signal in the endocrine system?
Hormone
What do hormones bind to to cause effect?
Receptors on the target cell?
Where is adrenaline released from?
Adrenal gland
What does epinephrine hormone cause?
Increased heart rate
Vasodilation
Increased BP
Increased conversion of glycogen to glucose
What does norepinephrine cause?
Heart rate increased
Vasoconstriction
Increased BP
little effect on blood glucose
What is the adrenal cortex?
Outer part of adrenal gland
What is adrenal medulla?
Inner part of adrenal gland
Main hormones from adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
Aldosterone
How do hormones travel?
Via the bloodstream
Aldosterone purpose
Helps regular concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions and secreting potassium ions
Cortisol purpose
Decreases proteins synthesis, increases fatty acid release and stimulates glucose synthesis from non carbohydrates
Adrenal and androgens purpose
Supplement sex hormones from the gonads, May be converted to estrogens in females
What does negative feedback control in the endocrine system?
Controls insulin secretion based on blood glucose concentration
Hormones secreted by pituitary gland
Oxytocin ADH-kidney water retention Growth hormone Prolactin- milk production and secretion FSH- production of ova and sperm LH- stimulates ovaries and testes
Thyroid gland hormones
Triiodothyronine &Thyroxine
=stimulate metabolic processes
Calcitonin-lowers calcium blood conc
Parathyroid gland hormones
Parathyroid hormone- raises calcium blood conc
Purpose of insulin
Where is it secreted from
Lowers blood glucose
Pancreas
Glucagon purpose
Where is it secreted from
Raises blood glucose
Pancreas
Epinephrine and norepinephrine purpose
Where secreted from
Raise blood glucose level
Increase metabolic activities
Constrict blood vessels
Adrenal medulla
Glucocorticoids purpose
Where secreted from
Raise blood glucose
Adrenal cortex
Androgens function
Where secreted from
Supports sperm formation
Testes
Estrogens purpose
Where secreted from
Stimulate growth of uterine lining
Ovaries
Melatonin purpose
Where secreted from
Biological rhythms
Pineal gland
What 4 chemical classes of hormone are there?
Steroid
Protein
Peptide
Amine
When blood glucose is high how does negative feedback work?
Pancreatic Beta cells release insulin which converts glucose to glycogen which lowers blood glucose
Term for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
Term for the synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrates
Gluconeogenesis
Term for the conversion of glucose into glycogen
Glycogenesis
Which conversion process for glucose occurs when blood sugar is high?
Glycogenesis
Which conversion processes for glucose occur when blood sugar is low?
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Which hormone acts when blood sugar is low?
Secreted from where?
Glucagon
Alpha cells in pancreas
Which hormone acts when blood sugar is high?
Secreted from where?
Insulin
Beta cells of pancreas
3 glands in brain
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
Endocrine glands release chemical substances directly into the bloodstream
Exocrine gland release chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or another surface in the body
Prostoglandin
Fatty acids with hormone-like effects
Difference between hormones and prostaglandins
Hormones secreted from glands, prostaglandins aren’t
Hormones work on specific parts of the body and travel there via blood
Prostaglandins are produced at sites of tissue damage to help healing, work where they are produced
Where are releasing hormones produced?
Hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is divided into two sections called
Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Anterior vs posterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland doesn’t produces its own hormones it just stores and releases hormones created by the hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland produces and secretes it’s own hormones
Pituitary gland divided in half
Right side =
Left side=
Right side =posterior pituitary gland
Left side= anterior pituitary gland
Location and structure of thyroid gland
Below the Adam’s apple in the neck
Butterfly shaped
Where is the pancreas located
What is its structure?
At the back of the abdomen behind the stomach.
It is connected to the small intestine by a small tube called the pancreatic duct
Hormones produced in the hypothalamus are often stored in the ______ or the ________
Posterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland
The stimuli of hormone release are
Humoral
Neural
hormonal
