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Biology > Embryology and fetal development > Flashcards

Embryology and fetal development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Capacitation

A

A maturing process that’s the sperm go through once in the denial reproductive tract

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2
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

Enzymes from the acrosome digest outer layer of the ova

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3
Q

Ovum

A

From ovulation to fertilisation

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4
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilisation to implantation

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5
Q

Embryo

A

Implantation to the 8th week

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6
Q

Fetus

A

From 8 weeks until term

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7
Q

Fertilisation

A

The union of an oocyte and a sperm (conception)

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8
Q

Where does fertilisation take place

A

Fallopian tube

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9
Q

What does oestrogen cause that helps sperm cells be able to swim?

A

Thinning of uterine secretions

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10
Q

What stimulates flagella for swimming?

A

Prostaglandins

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11
Q

What prevents addition of more sperm cells into the secondary oocyte after one sperm cell has penetrated?

A

Changes to the egg cell membrane and zone pellucida

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12
Q

First trimester

A

1-12 weeks

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13
Q

Second trimester

A

13-27 weeks

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14
Q

Third trimester

A

28 weeks-birth

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15
Q

Period of mitosis when cells get smaller and smaller

A

Cleavage

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16
Q

Dividing solid mass of cells

A

Morula

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17
Q

When the morula hollows what is formed?

A

A blastocyst

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18
Q

What does the blastocyst do?

A

Implants into the endometrium

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19
Q

Blastocyst

A

A hollow sphere of cells that used to be a morula

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20
Q

When do cells of morula/blastocyst stop being pluripotent

A

When the blastocyst implants on the uterus

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21
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells can form all cells in the body including placental or embryonic cells

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22
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells that can give rise to any cell types in the body (no embryonic/placental)

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23
Q

The cells of the blastocyst have two potential purposes

A
  • Some become the placenta

- Others become the inner cell mass that gives rise to the embryo

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24
Q

Outer cell wall of the blastocyst

A

Trophoblast

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25
Q

Cells of the trophoblast

A

Trophoblastic cells

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26
Q

What happens where the trophoblastic cells touch the endometrium of the uterus?

A

They undergo DNA synthesis and change shape to cuboid

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27
Q

What happens to trophoblastic cells after DNA synthesis

A

They form the cytotrophoblast

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28
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Inner layer of the trophoblast

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29
Q

What do the daughter cells from trophoblast Mitosis form?

A

A syncytium

(Mass of tissue with a protoplasm, nuclei and a syncytiotrophoblast

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30
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Outer layer of the trophoblast

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31
Q

What does the endometrium of the uterus becomes what after a syncytium is formed?

A

Decidua

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32
Q

What is formed inside the blastocyst?

A

Inner cells mass

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33
Q

What do the cells of the inner cell mass divide into?

A

Embryonic disc

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34
Q

Two layers of the inner cell mass

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

35
Q

By day 12 what covers the blastocyst

A

Uterine epithelium

36
Q

What hormone do trophoblast cells secrete?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

37
Q

What does hCG do?

A

Maintains the corpus luteum and the therefore uterine lining

38
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Structure in ovary that secretes hormones

39
Q

What hormone is secreted by the placenta for breast development?

A

Placental lactogen

40
Q

Which hormone increases initially and then decreases and plateaus?

A

hCG

41
Q

Which hormone levels increase through pregnancy?

A

Estrogens

Progesterone

42
Q

What hormones are inhibited by placental estrogens and progesterone?

A

LH

FSH

43
Q

Bilaminar disc

A

The epiblast and the hypoblast

44
Q

What does gastrulation form?

A

Primitive streak

45
Q

Epiblast cells heap up on the embryonic disc and spill over which forms a third layer called what?

A

Mesoderm

46
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process where the inner cell mass becomes the three layer start of an embryo

47
Q

What are the three layers of the epiblast following gastrulation

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

48
Q

Neurulation

A

The folding process of the three layers of the epiblast and formation of a neural tube

49
Q

Notocord

A

Transient embryonic structure that’s provides pattern for surrounding tissue
Induces change in the ectoderm

50
Q

Neural tube

A

Forms from the ectoderm which thickens and forms a neural plate
Neural plate folds over and zips to form a tube
Becomes the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

Ectoderm becomes

A

Nervous system

52
Q

Mesoderm becomes

A 
Muscle
Bone 
Blood
Lymphatic and blood vessels
Organs
53
Q

Endodermal layer becomes

A

Digestive and respiratory tracts
Bladder
Urethra

54
Q

Hard outer covering around the blastocyst

A

Zona pellicida

55
Q

What will the inner cell mass develop into

A

Embryo

56
Q

What will trophoblast develop into

A

Placenta

57
Q

Three features of the chorion membrane

A

Thick, opaque
Produces progesterone
Sticks to decidua

58
Q

3 features of the amnion membrane

A

Tough, translucent
Formation of amniotic fluid
Produces prostaglandins

59
Q

What is the name of the lines in the placenta?

A

Cotyledons

60
Q

Purpose of the notocord?

A

Activates signalling pathways that order tissues to differentiate and develop

61
Q

3 functions of placenta

A

Obtains nutrients and O2 for embryo
Disposed of waste products from embryo’s metabolism
Protects fetus and nurtures it

62
Q

What is the immunological role of the placenta

A

To prevent fetal rejection

63
Q

4 components required by the fetus

A

Amino acids-cell building
Glucose-energy
Calcium-teeth and bones
Iron- blood

64
Q

Trophoblast develops an inner layer which combines with the trophoblast to form what?

A

Chorion

65
Q

Spaces around the chorionic Villi

A

Lacunae

66
Q

What’s the lacunae filled with

A

Maternal blood

67
Q

Bean shaped thing in the chorion membrane of the uterus to the left of the other bean shape

A

Yolk sac

68
Q

Bean shaped thing to the right of the other, enclosed by the chorion?

A

Amnion

69
Q

What is inside the amnion

A

Amniotic cavity

70
Q

Where tidied the placenta form from?

A

The chorion

71
Q

Where is the embryo

A

In the amniotic cavity

72
Q

Where does the amnion attach around the edge of?

A

Embryonic disc

73
Q

Amniotic fluid function

A

Prevents compression if embryo and cushions it from movements of the mother
Infection barrier
Maintains temperature

74
Q

Amnion membrane vs chorion

A

Chrorion -thick and opaque

Amnion- smooth and translucent

75
Q

What hormones does the commotion produce

A

Progesterone

76
Q

What does the amnion produce

A

Prostaglandins

77
Q

Which membrane adheres closely to the decidua

A

Chorion

78
Q

Amniotic fluid can be oligiohydramnious or polyhydramnious, what does this mean

A

Oligiohydramnious- too little amniotic fluid

Polyhydramnious-too much amniotic fluid

79
Q

5 functions of amniotic fluid

A 
Symmetrical growth of fetus 
Barrier to infection
Stops amnion sticking to fetus 
Cushioning
Constant temperature
80
Q

Why does the distance between maternal and fetal blood get smaller?

A

The membrane thins as the fetus expands

81
Q

What additional 2 membranes from during development

A

Yolk sac-gives rise to sex cells

Allantois- produces blood cells

82
Q

In the villi of the chorion there are what

A

Maternal capillaries

83
Q

Structures anterior and posterior to uterus

A

Bladder

Bowel

Biology (19 decks)

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