Defence mechanisms & immunology Flashcards
Pathway of the lymph system (7 steps)
Lymphatic capillary Afferent lymphatic vessel Lymph node Efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphatic trunk Collecting duct Subclavian
3 main organs of the lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
7 non specific barriers against infection
Species resistance Mechanical barriers Chemical barriers Natural killer cells Inflammation Phagocytosis Fever
2nd line of defence
Phagocytosis
7 phases of phagocytosis
1)Chemotaxis and phagocyte sticking to microbe
2)Ingestion of microbe by
Phagocyte
3)Engulfing microbe is s phagosome (endocytosis)
4)Fusion of phagosome with lysosomes to form phagolysosome
5)Lysozyme enzymes in lysosomes break down and digest microbe
6)Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7)Discharge of waste materials
7 steps of inflammation
1) Bacteria and other pathogens enter wound
2) platelets release blood clotting proteins at site
3) mast cells mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction.
4) neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens
5) neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis
6) Macrophages secrete cytokine hormones that attract immune system cells to site
7) inflammatory response continues until foreign material eliminated and wound repaired
Chemotaxis
Movement of phagocyte towards microbe in response to chemicals
Phagosome
A vacuole in the phagocyte cell membrane containing a microbe
Endocytosis
Engulfing a foreign body into the cell membrane to form a vacuole
A phagocyte that has fused with a lysosome
Phagolysosome
Neutrophil
A type of immune cell (white blood cell)
First line of defence
Skin
Third line of defence
Cellular immune response
Humoral immune response
Specific immunity
Cellular immune response
Humoral immune response
B cell and T cell origin
Red bone marrow
Where are B and T cells primarily found
Lymphatic tissues
T cell function
Cellular immune response
T cells interact with antigens to destroy them
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
B cell function
Humoral response
B cells interact indirectly with antigen
They produce antibodies that destroy antigen
How are Antibodies specific to antigens
Active site on antibodies are specific in shape to antigen