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Biology > Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
Give examples of the following bones:
Long bones
Short bones 
Flat bones
Irregular bones
A

Long bones- arms and legs
Short bones- wrists and ankles
Flat bones- Ribs, skull bones
Irregular bones- facial bones, vertebrae

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2
Q

List two types of bone tissue

A 
Compact bone (centre of long bone) 
Spongy bone (end of long bone)
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3
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

Head (cranial/facial bones) and the vertebrae

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4
Q

Appendicular bones

A

Include the exterior bones eg arms and legs

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5
Q

What do ligaments connect?

Give an example

A

These connect bone to bone to form joints

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6
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

These connect bone to muscle

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7
Q

Where are coronal sutures?

A

They start at the top centre of the frontal bone and run down either side of the fronts bone (forehead) to either side of the eye sockets

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8
Q

What is the bone at the front of the skull (forehead) called?

A

Frontal bone

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9
Q

What are the bones called at the top of the head?

A

Left and right parietal bones

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10
Q

Which bone is at the back of the skull?

A

The occipital bone

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11
Q

What suture marks out the occipital bone from the parietal bones?

A

The lambdoid suture

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12
Q

What suture divides the parietal bones?

A

The Sagitta suture

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13
Q

Which bone is below the parietal bone on either side?

A

The temporal bones

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14
Q

What suture divides the parietal bone and the temporal bone?

A

The squamous suture

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15
Q

What suture runs along the top of the frontal bone and meets in a t-shape with the Sagittal suture?

A

The coronal suture

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16
Q

What bone at the bottom of the spine is part of the pelvis?

A

The sacrum

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17
Q

What tail-like structured bone is joined to the bottom of the sacrum?

A

The coccyx

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18
Q

What bone structure makes up the shoulders?

A

The pectoral girdle

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19
Q

Where are the radial bones located?

A

The large bones of the forearm below the elbow

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20
Q

What is the name of the long bone behind the radial bone at the back of the lower arm?

A

The ulna

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21
Q

Bone in the thigh

A

Femur

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22
Q

Two bones in lower leg

A

Inner- tibia

Outer-fibula

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23
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints made of cartilage that unite bones

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24
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphyses

Synchondrosis

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25
Q

What is an example of a symphyses joint?

Type of cartilaginous joint

A

Pubic symphysis

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26
Q

What is the pubic symphysis?

A

This is a cartilaginous symphyses joint that joins the left and right pubic bones
It becomes flexible in pregnancy for an easier delivery

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27
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joint cavities between two bones filled with synovial fluid

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28
Q

Common types of synovial joints include

A

Pivot (elbow) , ball and socket (hip/shoulder), hinge (elbow/knee)

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29
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Dense connective tissue made mainly of collagen eg sutures in the skull

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30
Q

What terms describe the joint movement where a bone can move forward and backwards?

A

Forward- Extension

Backwards-flexion

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31
Q

What are bone cells called

A

Osteocytes

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31
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Vascular connective tissue covering bones

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32
Q

Four functions of bones

A

Organ protection
Muscle attachment (act as levers for muscles which are attached to periosteum)
Blood cell production (in red bone marrow)
Mineral storage eg calcium

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33
Q

How does endochondral bone form?

A

These start as hyaline cartilage models and are replaced with bone. Cartilage tissue is invaded by blood vessels and osteoblasts that first form spongy bone (primary ossification centre in the diaphysis).
Later osteoblasts beneath the periosteum lay down compact bone outside the spongy bone (secondary ossification).
Hyaline cartilage forms between the two ossification layers.

34
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

34
Q

What are the ends of bones called that form joints with adjacent bones?

A

Epiphyses

36
Q

What terms describe the movement where bones move towards or away from each other?

A

Abduction- out

Adduction- in

37
Q

What is the outer covering of bone called?

A

The periosteum

38
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

40
Q

What are muscles made up of in size order

A

Fascicles-muscle fibres-myofibrils-thick and thin filaments (myofilaments )

41
Q

How does intramembranous bone form?

A

Osteoblast cells deposit bone tissue around themselves enclosing themselves into compartments called lacunae. The cells are then called osteocytes (within bone).

42
Q

What proteins are the thick and think myofilaments made up of?

A

Thin- actin

Thick-myosin

43
Q

What are the other two proteins in muscle?

A

Tropinin and tropomyosin

44
Q

How do actin and myosin interact?

A

Myosin heads buns to actin filaments to form an actin-myosin crossbridge

52
Q

In a muscular response, what period occurs before the period of contraction (after stimulation)? What comes after the period of contraction?

A

Before - latent period

After-period of relaxation

53
Q

Summation

A

If a skeletal muscle is stimulated and another stimulation is applied before the relaxation is complete, the stimulation’s combine to create a larger contraction

54
Q

What is the name of the muscle fibre membrane?

A

Sarcolemma

55
Q

Muscle fibre cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

56
Q

What do myofilaments make up?

A

Bigger filaments called myofibrils

57
Q

What does the sarcomere functional unit extend from?

A

Z line to z line

58
Q

Dark stripes in sarcomere are called

A

A bands

59
Q

What are the I bands?

A

Light stripes in the sarcomere

60
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Extensions of cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

61
Q

Which area stores and releases calcium ions for muscle contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the end of a motor neurone?

A

Acetylcholine

63
Q

What on actin molecules do myosin heads bind to?

A

Myosin binding sites

64
Q

How does the muscle fibre shorten?

A

Myosin heads form crossbridges on actin molecule and then actin-myosin crossbridge bends, pulling the actin filament. It then releases and attaches to the next binding site and repeats, drawing in the actin molecule.

65
Q

What two molecules does muscles contraction require?

A

Calcium and ATP

66
Q

Where is acetylcholine released from and to in muscle stimulus for contraction?

A

The motor neurone’s synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft

67
Q

What happens when the acetylcholine binds to receptors in the synapse?

A

If the stimulus reaches the threshold for an action potential, a muscle impulse spreads around the sarcolemma surface down the t tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

68
Q

What does the increase of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm do?

A

Interacts with troponin and tropomyosin (associated with actin) which move from the myosin binding sites so they are free for myosin heads to bind

69
Q

What do troponin and tropomyosin do at rest?

A

Cover the myosin binding sites (until calcium activated them to move)

70
Q

What enzyme disposed of acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

71
Q

Which muscle types are involuntary vs voluntary

A

Involuntary- cardiac, smooth

Voluntary- skeletal

72
Q

Tetany

A

When many stimulation’s occur in high frequency causing involuntary contraction of muscles

73
Q

3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

74
Q

Where are smooth muscles located

A

Walls of Blood vessels walls of organs

75
Q

Where are cardiac muscles located

A

Walls of the heart

76
Q

Purpose of skeletal muscle

A

Allow movement of bones at joints, posture maintenance

77
Q

Purpose of smooth muscle

A

Movement of organs, vasoconstriction

78
Q

What is the purpose of cardiac muscle

A

Allow heart to pump

79
Q

What are Antagonist and agonist muscles? Give example

A

Antagonistic pairs of muscles in which one contracts as the other relaxes to lift or release a bone eg arm - to left, bicep contracts and tricep relaxes

80
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone reabsorbing cells

81
Q

Ischiococcygeus muscle runs from

A

Ischial spines to coccyx

82
Q

The contractile unit of skeletal muscle cells is known as?

A

The sarcomere

83
Q

Ventral

A

Near the abdomen

84
Q

Medial

A

In the middle

85
Q

Lateral

A

To the side of the body

86
Q

Distal

A

Away from the centre of the body

87
Q

Proximal

A

Near the centre of the body

88
Q

Sagittal plane on body

A

Down centre of body along sagittal suture downwards

89
Q

Transverse plane

A

Across abdomen horizontally dividing body in half

90
Q

Coronal plane

A

Across body from shoulder to shoulder and dividing body in half

Biology (19 decks)

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