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Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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2
Q

Outer cortex

A

Contains 80% of nephrons (cortical nephrons)

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3
Q

Inner Medulla

A

Contains 20% of nephrons (juxtamedullary nephrons)

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4
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

site of plasma filtration with the glomerulus

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5
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

Bowman’s + glomerulus

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6
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

ascending limb passes between afferent and efferent between arterioles at the glomerulus

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7
Q

Blood Flow Through Renal

A

Renal artery -> segmental -> interloper -> arcuate -> cortical radiate -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus capillaries -> efferent arterioles -> particular capillaries -> venues -> cortical radiate -> arcuate -> interloper -> renal vein

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8
Q

Filtration

A

renal corpuscle, filtrate created from plasma

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9
Q

Reabsorption

A

materials in the filtrate are passed back into the blood, occurs with peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

Secretion

A

material from blood into lumen of tubule, occurs with peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

__% of filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal tubules

A

70

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12
Q

Amount Excreted =

A

amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

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13
Q

___ L/day is filtered by the glomerulus

A

180

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14
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

isometric reabsorption of organic nutrients, ions, and water, secretion of metabolites and xenobiotic molecules such as penicillin

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15
Q

Loop of Henle

A

reabsorption of ions in excess of water water to create dilute fluid in the lumen, countercurrent contributes to concentrated interstitial fluid in the renal medulla

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16
Q

Distal Nephron

A

regulated reabsorption of ions and water for salt and water balance and pH homeostasis

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17
Q

Glomerular Capillary Endothelium

A

Fenestrated capillaries, glycocalx (negative charged glycoproteins)

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18
Q

Basement Membrane

A

more negative, glycoproteins, collagen

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19
Q

Epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

A

Podocytes, Mesangial cells

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20
Q

Podocytes

A

foot processes and filtration slits

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21
Q

Mesangial cells

A

contractile cells that adjust glomerulus diameter, also secrete cytokines involved in immune and inflammation

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22
Q

___% plasma volume entering afferent arteriole

A

100

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23
Q

__% of volume filtered at the glomerulus

A

20

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24
Q

__% of fluid reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

A

19

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25
Q

Capillary Blood Pressure

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure, ~55 mm Hg, flavors filtration

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26
Q

Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Blood colloid osmotic, 30 mm Hg, opposes filtration (pulls fluid back to plasma)

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27
Q

Capsule fluid pressure

A

capsular hydrostatic, 15 mm Hg, opposes filtration

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28
Q

GFR influences

A

net filtration pressure, filtration coefficient

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29
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

renal blood flow and blood pressure

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30
Q

Filtration coefficient

A

surface areas of glomerular capillaries available for filtration, permeability of filtration slits

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31
Q

Increased resistance in afferent arteriole, _________ GFR

A

decreases

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32
Q

Increased resistance in efferent arteriole, __________ GFR

A

increases

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33
Q

Decreased resistance in afferent arteriole, ________ GFR

A

increases

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34
Q

Decreased resistance in efferent arteriole, ________ GFR

A

decreases

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35
Q

Autoregulation

A

maintains a nearly constant GFR when mean arterial blood pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg

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36
Q

Mygenic Response

A

intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes, similar to auto regulation in other systemic arterioles

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37
Q

Tubuloglomerular Feedback

A

paracrine control, juxtaglomerular apparatus (GFR increases, flow through tubule increases, flow past macula dense increases, paracrine signal from macula dense to afferent arteriole, afferent arteriole constricts)

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38
Q

Macula densa

A

detect NaCl in the filtrate

39
Q

Granular Cells

A

secrete enzyme renin

40
Q

Hormones and autonomic neurons also influence GFR by ________.

A

changing resistance in arterioles and altering the filtration coefficient

41
Q

Active Transport of Na+

A

creates electrical gradient, anions follow Na+ creates osmotic gradient (anions), water follows leaving behind higher concentration of cations (H20), permeable solutes are reabsorbed (K+, Ca2+, urea)

42
Q

SGLT

A

Na+ moving down its electrochemical gradient, pulls glucose into the cell against gradient

43
Q

Saturation

A

maximum rate of transport that occurs when all carriers are occupied by substrate

44
Q

Transport maximum

A

the transport rate of saturation

45
Q

Renal Threshold

A

the plasma concentration at which a substance first appears in the urine (i.e. glucose)

46
Q

Glucosuria

A

glucose in urine

47
Q

What is used to measure GFR?

A

inulin, creatinine

48
Q

Inulin

A

plant polysaccharide, freely filters, neither reabsorbed or secreted

49
Q

creatinine

A

breakdown product of phosphocreatine, some secretion

50
Q

Direct Active Transport

A

Na+-K+-ATPase keeps intracellular Na+ low

51
Q

Secondary Indirect Active Transport

A

Na+ - decarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC) concentrates a decarboxylate inside the cell using energy stored in the Na+ gradient

52
Q

Tertiary Indirect Active Transport

A

the basolateral organic anion transporters concentrates organic anions inside the cell, using the energy stored in the decarboxylate gradient

53
Q

Proximal Tubule Reabsorptions

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, glucose, urea

54
Q

Proximal Tubule Secretions

55
Q

Ascending Limb Reabsorptions

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+

56
Q

Ascending Limb Secretions

57
Q

Distal Tubule Reabsorptions

A

Na+, Cl-, Ca2+

58
Q

Collecting Duct Reabsorptions

A

Na+, Cl-, urea

59
Q

Net Renal Handling (Na+)

A

1% excreted

60
Q

Net Renal Handling (Cl-)

A

1% excreted

61
Q

Net Renal Handling (K+)

A

2%-150% (low to high intake)

62
Q

Net Renal Handling (Ca2+)

A

1% excreted

63
Q

Net Renal Handling (Glucose)

A

0% excreted

64
Q

Net Renal Handling (Urea)

A

30%-50% excreted

65
Q

Net Renal Handling (PAH1)

A

500% excreted

66
Q

Micturition

A

process of urination, stretch receptors fire, parasympathetic neurons fire, motor neurons stop firing, smooth muscle contracts, internal sphincter is passively pulled open, external sphincter relaxes

67
Q

Decreased BP/BV

A
  1. Volume receptors (Sensor)
  2. Increased Cardiac Output, Increased Thirst, Kidney
  3. Increased ECF/ICF, Salt conservation
  4. Increased BP
68
Q

Increased BP/BV

A
  1. Volume receptors (Sensor)
  2. Decreased Cardiac Output, Kidney excretion of salts/H2O
  3. Decreased ECF/ICF
  4. Decreased BP
69
Q

Diuresis

A

removing excess water in urine

70
Q

Fluid leaving loop of Henle is ______ dilute than fluid entering

71
Q

Distal Nephron

A

water permeability is under control of hormones

72
Q

Collecting Duct

A

can reabsorb additional solute, filtrate can become even more dilute

73
Q

ADH

A

acts on collecting, membrane recycling, graded effect, stimulate aquaporin insertion into the apical membrane with membrane recycling, secretion exhibits a circadian pattern, less urine is produced at night than during the day

74
Q

Vasopressin Mechanism

A
  1. Vasopressin binds to membrane receptor
  2. Receptor activates cAMP second messenger system
    Cell inserts AQP2 water pores into apical membrane
  3. Water is absorbed by osmosis into the blood
75
Q

Control of Vasopressin Secretion

A
  1. Decreased BP, atrial stretch (stimulus)
  2. Carotid/aortic/atrial receptors (sensor)
  3. Sensory neuron to hypothalamus (input signal)
  4. Hypothalamic neurons that synthesize vasopressin (integrating center)
  5. Vasopressin (released from posterior pituitary) (Output Signal)
  6. Collecting duct epithelium (Target)
  7. Insertion of water pores in apical membrane (tissue response)
  8. Increased water reabsorption to conserve water (systemic response)
76
Q

Plasma osmolarity __________ plasma vasopressin

77
Q

Vasa Recta

A

removes water

78
Q

Countercurrent Heat Exchanger

A

allows warm blood entering the limb to transfer heat directly to blood flowing back into the body

79
Q

Homeostatic response to salt ingestion

A
  1. Ingest Salt
  2. No change in volume, increases osmolarity
  3. Vasopressin secreted, thirst
  4. Increased renal water reabsorption, increased water intake
  5. Kidneys conserve water, Increased ECF, Increased BP
  6. Kidneys excrete salt and water
  7. Osmolarity returns to normal
80
Q

Aldosterone

A

controls sodium balance, produced in adrenal cortex, reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubules and collecting ducts, targets principal cells in distal, stimulated by low blood pressure

81
Q

Aldosterone Pathway

A
  1. Decreased BP (Stimulus)
  2. RAS Pathway (Stimulus)
  3. Adrenal Cortex (Integrating Center)
  4. Aldosterone (Output signal)
  5. P cells of collecting duct (Target)
  6. Increased Na+ reabsorption, Increased K+ secretion (Systematic Response)
82
Q

Aldosterone Mechanism

A
  1. Aldosterone combines with a cytoplasmic receptor
  2. Hormone-receptor complex initiates transcription in the nucleus
  3. Translation and protein synthesis makes new protein channels and pumps
  4. Aldosterone-induced proteins modulate existing channels and pumps
  5. Result is increased Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
83
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System

A

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete the enzyme renin if blood pressure decreases

84
Q

Renin

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

85
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

86
Q

RAS Stimuli

A
  1. Granular cells are sensitive to blood pressure
  2. Sympathetic stimulation from cardiovascular center
  3. Paracrine feedback from macula densa cells
87
Q

ANG II

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone, increases blood pressure, stimulates thirst, potent vasoconstrictors, increases proximal tubule Na+ reabsorption

88
Q

Natriuresis

A

urinary Na+ loss

89
Q

ANP

A

produced in atrial myocardial cells

90
Q

BNP

A

produced in ventricular myocardial cells and certain brain neurons

91
Q

Hypokalemia

A

muscle weakness and failure of respiratory muscles and the heart

92
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

can lead to cardiac arrhythmias

93
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

low vasopressin activity

94
Q

SIADH

A

high vasopressin activity

Physiology (21 decks)

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