Pearson Questions Flashcards
The extra volume of air that can be brought into the lungs after an inspiratory tidal volume is taken is known as the __________.
inspiratory reserve volume
If a person has increased respiratory rate and/or depth without the presence of an increased metabolic rate, he/she __________
is hyperventilating
The air in the lungs that will never be eliminated despite the efforts to eliminate it would be the __________.
residual volume
In an active, or forced, expiration, which of the following muscles contract?
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Tidal volume = 500 mls
Vital capacity = 5500 mls
Respiratory rate = 12 breaths/minute
Dead air space = 100 mls
Alveolar ventilation = __________.
4800 mls/min
Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of
air into and out of the alveoli
In ventilation-perfusion matching, increased
CO2 causes bronchioles to dilate and decreased O2 causes pulmonary arterioles to constrict
The total lung capacity is best described by the sum of
all lung volumes
Expiration is a ____________.
passive process
Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increase in
obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema
Alveolar ventilation (Va) is different from minute ventilation (Ve) in that
the equation for VA subtracts the volume of air inside the dead air space from the volume of minute ventilation
Apnea
cessation of breathing
Treatments for obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma might include
epinephrine and steroids
Which of the following volumes allow(s) additional lung capacity so that when experiencing an increase in metabolism, tidal volume can increase?
Inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
The magnitude of lung volumes can depend on __________.
gender, posture, and activity level
Which of the following volumes is the volume that represents quiet breathing and normal breathing during an inspiratory and expiratory cycle?
Tidal volume
Which of the following is not categorized as an obstructive disease?
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
If a person were to breathe out a normal tidal volume, and then forcefully breathe out as much air as they could, the extra volume that they breathe out (not including the tidal volume) would be the __________
expiratory reserve volume
The total amount of air that can be moved between the lungs and the atmosphere is known as the __________
vital capacity
When a person has increased his or her breathing rate and/or depth in response to an increase in metabolism, the observed change in respiration in known as __________
hyperpnea
Tidal volume = 400 mls
Vital capacity = 4000 mls
Respiratory rate = 10 breaths/minute
Dead air space = 150 mls
Minute ventilation = __________
4000 mls/min
Hypoventilation is best described as __________.
decreased alveolar ventilation rate
The lung volume or capacity that cannot be measured by spirometry is __________
RV
Which of the following best represents the inspiratory capacity?
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
FRC =
the lung volume when the intra-alveolar pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, lung volume at rest between breaths, and ERV + RV
Emphysema is characterized by __________.
increased compliance/decreased recoil and by loss of surface area
Most peripheral chemoreceptors respond directly to changes in arterial blood __________
pH and CO2 concentration
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood primarily as __________.
HCO3-
The __________ is a network of neurons in the medulla that creates a regular, repeating pattern of activity called the respiratory rhythm.
central pattern generator
At the alveoli, the rate of diffusion of O2 and CO2 is dependent on the __________.
partial pressure gradients, surface area of alveolar membranes, thickness of the respiratory membrane
Brain regions directly or indirectly involved in the control of respiration include __________.
pons and medulla
In response to abnormally __________ acidity in the plasma detected by chemoreceptors in the __________, the ventilation rate of the lungs __________.
increased; aortic arch and carotid sinuses; increases
Hemoglobin removes ____ from the cytoplasm by binding to it.
H+
least abundant gas in atmospheric air is __________.
CO2
Increased metabolism causes __________ plasma acidity, which causes __________ in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, thus favoring the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
increased, a decrease
At a normal arterial PO2 of 100 mmHg, what percentage of saturation is achieved by blood considered to be oxygenated?
98%
At which point in the systemic circuit of blood vessels would one expect to first find the highest levels of carbon dioxide in the blood?
tissue capillaries
Hypoxia vs. Hypocapnia
a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues, while hypocapnia is a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
Most of the oxygen in the blood is __________.
bound to hemoglobin molecules inside the erythrocytes
Deoxygenated blood is not completely devoid of oxygen, actually having approximately __________ % oxygen.
73
What would be a result of a decrease in plasma PO2?
a decrease in percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
Quiet respiration operates by cyclic activity __________.
in the inspiratory motor neurons and inactivity of the expiratory motor neurons
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by active cells is __________.
converted to carbonic acid, which dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
The movement of gases from air to liquid is directly proportional to all of the following factors except __________.
surface area
A disease of the bone marrow that reduces erythrocyte synthesis will result in a(n) __________.
decrease in the total number of oxygen-binding sites in the blood
Pulmonary edema __________ gas exchange in the lungs because it __________.
reduces; increases diffusion distance
The __________ effect describes the effect of PO2 on the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2.
Haldane
Hypoxia, hypoxemia, and hypocapnia are three frequently, and often incorrectly used terms in applied respiratory physiology. Which of these refers to a deficiency of oxygen in the blood?
hypoxemia
When a person hyperventilates __________.
the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood becomes higher than normal
All of the following cause pulmonary edema except __________.
COPD
Path of inhaled air
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
In a premature newborn with respiratory distress syndrome, lung compliance will likely improve with an increase in __________.
the amount of surfactant inside the alveoli
Structures within the conducting zone include _________
glottis and the terminal bronchioles
Airway resistance is decreased by __________.
epinephrine and elevated carbon dioxide
The pleural fluid surrounding each lung __________.
helps the lungs adhere to the thoracic cage
External respiration processes do not include __________.
the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Lung compliance is decreased in _________
tuberculosis and respiratory distress syndrome
The functions of the respiratory system include __________.
defense against pathogens, enabling vocalization, helping to maintain blood pH
Airway resistance is increased by __________.
smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, and asthma
Passive expiration
does not require the contraction of any skeletal muscles. Instead, passive expiration is only dependent on the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles.
The direction and magnitude of air flow during breathing is determined by changes in __________ pressure.
alveolar
Type I alveolar cells __________.
are simple squamous epithelial cells adapted for exchange
outermost to innermost structures
chest wall, parietal pleura, intrapleural space, visceral pleura, lungs
Which of the following is the lowest pressure at rest following a quiet expiration?
intrapleural
Which of the following statements is true about surfactant?
Surfactant equalizes surface tension between large and small alveoli.
Which of the following structures can allow gas exchange?
alveoli
Pulmonary surfactant helps to __________.
decrease lung compliance, increase surface tension in the water lining the alveoli, allow large alveoli to collapse into smaller ones
John has an upper respiratory infection (URI). This means that his infection is not in his __________.
lungs or trachea
Where does the most airway resistance in our respiratory system occur?
The trachea and bronchi
The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute depends on the __________.
Airway resistance, Palv, lung compliance, and the amount of surfactant in the alveoli
According to Boyle’s law, __________.
the volume of a container of gas and the pressure of the gas within are inversely related
Events of inspiration
Diaphragm and intercostals contract, Pip decreases, Transpulmonary pressure increases, Palv decreases to less than Patm
The cells and structures that defend against bacteria and foreign particles entering the lungs include the __________.
mucus escalator, goblet cells, and macrophages
Which of the following characteristics apply(applies) to gas exchange surfaces in the lungs?
Large surface area, very thin membrane, and coated by surfactant
correct sequence of changes in alveolar pressure during pulmonary ventilation, starting with inspiration
Palv < Patm, Palv = Patm, Palv > Patm, Palv = Patm
The respiratory quotient is defined as __________.
the ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body to the amount of oxygen consumed
Which of the following has a greater concentration (partial pressure) in exhaled air than in inhaled air?
CO2 and H2O vapor
If carbonic anhydrase activity decreased, which of the following would increase in the plasma?
pH, PCO2, and chloride ions
Approximately 79% of the total atmospheric pressure is taken up by nitrogen. At the top of Mount Everest, Patm = 250 mmHg. The partial pressure of nitrogen there is __________.
197.5 mmHg
Which of the following can result in a decreased PO2 in arterial blood?
pulmonary edema, emphysema, fibrotic lung disease
Central chemoreceptors are stimulated by __________.
H+ ions produced in cerebrospinal fluid from CO2 that crosses the blood-brain barrier
For oxygen gas in air and dissolved in water, at equilibrium, __________.
the partial pressure of oxygen in air is equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in water
If bronchioles are constricted, __________.
PO2 in the pulmonary capillaries will decrease and VA/Q will decrease
The respiratory receptors of the brain receive input from __________.
central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, irritant receptors, pulmonary stretch receptors,
PO2 decreases and PCO2 increases in the pulmonary alveoli due to __________.
the increased partial pressure of water vapor, inhaled air mixing with air in the dead air space, rapid diffusion of gases across the respiratory membranes
Conditions that would shift the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right include decreases in __________.
pH
One effect of carbon monoxide is to __________.
decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
Hemoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen at the tissues due to the __________.
Bohr shift and carbaminohemo effect
On average, the number of oxygen molecules bound to heme groups in hemoglobin in venous blood is __________.
3
Ventilation-perfusion ratios that are not equal to 1 can be the result of __________.
gravity, airway obstruction, damage to pulmonary capillaries, and emphysema
In the chloride shift, chloride ions are exchanged for __________ across the erythrocyte membrane.
HCO3-
The Bends
Increased water pressure due to increased depth causes more gases such as nitrogen to be dissolved in the blood; ascending too quickly causes nitrogen gas to come out of solution in body fluids, creating bubbles; and nitrogen gas bubbles can clog blood vessels and lodge in joints and the nervous system.
