Chapter 3 Reviews Qs Flashcards
List the three main body cavities.
Cranial cavity; thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity.
In 1972, Singer and Nicolson proposed the fluid mosaic model
of the cell membrane. According to this model, the membrane is BLANK
composed of a bilayer of BLANK and a variety of embedded ,
with BLANK on the extracellular surface.
phospholipids; proteins; carbohydrates
What are the two primary types of biomolecules found in the cell
membrane?
phospholipids and proteins
Define and distinguish between the terms nucleus and nucleolus.
Nucleus—contains the nucleolus, RNA, and DNA, which controls cell
metabolism; nucleolus—contains the genes and proteins that control
the synthesis of RNA for ribosomes
Define cytoskeleton. List five functions of the cytoskeleton.
A flexible, changeable, three-dimensional scaffold of actin, microfila-ments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Functions: mechani-cal strength; stabilize position of organelles; transport material; link
cells together; movement
Which type of protein molecules allow white blood cells to leave the
circulation and migrate to infected cells?
membrane-spanning/cell adhesion molecules
What process activates the enzymes inside lysosomes?
very acidic conditions
BLANK epithelial cells produce and release a product.
Secretory
List the four major cell adhesion molecules, and state the main
function of each.
Cadherins—form cell to cell junctions; integrins—regulate cell
signaling; immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs—responsible for nerve
growth; selectins—form temporary cell-cell adhesions.
The functional category of epithelia found in the skin is the BLANK
protective epithelia
Which gland of the integument produces a secretion to lubricate
and waterproof the skin and hairs?
sebaceous glands
The term matrix can be used in reference to an organelle or to tis-sues. Compare the meanings of the term in these two contexts.
mitochondrial matrix—the internal compartment; tissue matrix—
noncellular material found outside cells
How does the structure of exchange epithelia differ from that of
transporting epithelia? Explain the reason for these differences.
Exchange epithelia are made of flattened epithelial cells to allow for
efficient exchange of substances (e.g., gases) across the tissue. The
cells in transporting epithelia are thicker, so as to form a functional
barrier, and have other features, including membrane projections,
tight cell junctions, and many mitochondria. These adaptations allow
substances to be selectively transported across the tissues
Which would have more smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
pancreatic cells that manufacture the protein hormone insulin, or
adrenal cortex cells that synthesize the steroid hormone cortisol?
Smooth ER is where lipids (e.g. steroid hormones) are made, so adre -nal cortex cells would have more
A number of organelles can be considered vesicles. Define vesicle
and describe at least three examples
Vesicles—membranous spheres. Examples: lysosomes, peroxisomes,
secretory vesicles
Explain the unique features of exchange epithelium that facilitate
the movement of substances across the bloodstream into the tissues
Exchange epithelium has thin, flat cells that allow small substances to
diffuse from bloodstream into cells via extracellular fluid. Such sub-stances also easily pass from capillary through pores in the epithelium.
Is frostbite a form of necrosis or apoptosis? Defend your answer
Necrosis. In apoptosis, neighboring cells are not influenced and no
redness (inflammation) occurs
State a unique feature of muscle tissue. Name and identify the
principal locations of the three distinct types of muscle found in
the human body.
A muscle tissue is able to generate electrical signals and contract,
thereby resulting in force and movement. Three types—cardiac mus-cle in the heart, smooth muscle in the walls of most internal organs,
and skeletal muscle, which usually attach to bones and allow gross
movement of the body.
