Chapter 6 Review Qs Flashcards
Gap Junctions
protein channels that connect two adjacent cells
Contact-dependent signals
require direct contact between surface molecules of two cells
Paracrine Signals
chemicals that act on cells close to the cell that secreted the paracrine, long distance
Autocrine Signals
a chemical that acts on the cell that secreted it
Neurocrine Molecules
long-distance communication, electrical
Hormones
long-distance chemicals through the blood
Cytokines
regulatory peptides that control cell development, differentiation, immune response
What are the two routes for long-distance signal delivery in the body?
neurons/blood
Which two body systems maintain homeostasis by monitoring and
responding to changes in the environment?
nervous/endocrine
What two types of physiological signals does the body use to send
messages? Of these two types, which is available to all cells?
chemical/electrical
Calcium is an important signaling molecule. Within the cell calcium is stored in the BLANK. Once released, calcium binds to an intracellular protein known as BLANK.
ER, calmodulin
Distinguish between central and peripheral receptors
Central: located within the CNS
Peripheral: found outside the CNS
Receptors for signal pathways may be found in the BLANK, BLANK,
or BLANK of the cell.
nucleus, cytosol, cell membrane
Down-regulation results in a(n) BLANK (increased or decreased?) number of receptors in response to a prolonged signal.
decreased
List the four categories of membrane receptors
ligand-gated, integral receptors, enzyme, G coupled
In a negative feedback loop, the response moves the system in the BLANK(same/opposite) direction as the stimulus moves it
opposite
gap junctions, connexins, connexon
gap junctions connect two cells using conexons made from connexins
autocrine signal, paracrine signal
paracrine nearby cell, autocrine self
cytokine, neurotransmitter, neurohormone, neuromodulator,
hormone
cytokines are autocrine/paracrine, neuros are chemicals by neurons, hormones are blood on distant target
Receptor agonist, receptor antagonist, antagonistic control
pathways
agonists activate, antagonists block
transduction, amplification, cascade
transduction is transfer molecule, cascade is a series, amplification is one growing signal
Describe the differences between cytokines and hormones.
cytokines are from nucleated cells, hormones are from epithelial cells/neurons (pre synthesized)
Describe and compare tonic and antagonist control patterns. Give
an example of a physiological system controlled by each.
tonic is always present but varying intensity, antagonistic different signals
Would the following reflexes have positive or negative feedback?
a. glucagon secretion in response to declining blood glucose
b. increasing milk release and secretion in response to baby’s
suckling
c. urgency in emptying one’s urinary bladder
d. sweating in response to rising body temperature
a. negative
b. positive
c. negative
d. negative
