Renal System Flashcards
Kidneys
excrete wasta
produce erthyopoeitin which produces RBCS
The waste is made up of what two major components which determines renal status?
Urea and Creatine
Made up of old proteins
Measured using BUN and whats normal level
Urea
normal level is 10 -20
What is normal level of creatine?
0.6-1.2
High readings of __ determines if the kidneys are in failure
Creatine
what is the functional unit of the kidney? and what is it made up of?
the nephron which is consisted of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule
the afferent arteriole passes through here and blood is filtered?
glomerulus
What is being reabsorbed into the capillaries?
glucose, aminos , K and Na
__ , ___, and ___ ___ is secreted from the capillaries and absorbed into what?
urea, uric acid, and creatine.
the DCT absorbs the waste
This increases the aquaporins in the DCT, and __ ___
ADH
collecting duct
Renin
released by juxtaglomerular cells to increase volume/ bp
ANP and BNP
the heart has too much volume so it releases these hormones to increase filtration and secretion of H20 and Na
What is it called when someone voids less than 400ml a day?
oliguria
Anuria
theres no urine output
How does pee move from the kidneys to the bladder?
moves due to peristalsis
Hydroureter?
Hydronephrosis?
Ureterohydronephrosis?
-accumulation of pee in ureter
-enlargement of kidney
-enlargement of ureter and kidney
Upper Urinary Tract obstruction happens where? symptoms? treatment?
-In the kidney and ureters due to kidney stones
-RENAL COLIC, dull aching flank pain, nausea, HEMATURIA
-treatment is drink water, lithotripsy
How big does the kidney stone have to be to have it surgically removed?
more than 5mm
Happens due to prostate enlargement
causes nocturia which is peeing in the night
lower urinary tract obstruction
Renal Cell carcinoma
most common tumor which causes hemturia, flank pain, weight loss, and a palpable flank mass
transitional cell carcinoma
bladder tumor
causes painless hematuria
treatment consist of LOCAL chemotherapy
Local vs systemic chemo
local is when its directly attached to the bladder while systemic is intravenous
What is caused by e.coli? It’s seen in older women who are sexually active or people who have catheter, DM, or immunosuppressants.
UTI
How does the host defend itself from a UTI?
We have protective membrane, washout phenomenon (washes out by peeing), and local immune response
This is when only the bladder is infected
acute cystitis
Urethritis
inflammation of urethra
Manifestations of UTI? subjective and objective?
Subjective: dysuria (pain while peeing), low back pain, urgency
objective : nocturia, hematuria, Pyuria (puss)
Pyelonephritis
e.coli infection in upper urinary tract
causes flank pain, nausea
discovered by doing urinalysis, and IVP
treatment: antibiotics
This is an x ray with contrast
IVP;intravenous pyelogram
What cell covers the glomerular capillaries?
podocytes
Acute glomerularnephritis
glomerular inflammation due to infection
there are two types due to immune problems or nonimune
-Type III hypersensitivity to antibodies
-Happens because of streptococci seen in strep or impetigo
-causes hypertension, hematuria, periorbital edema, proteinuria
treatment- corticosteroids, antibiotics, dietary restrictions
Immune version of acute glomerularnephritis
Nephrotic syndrome
- this is massive proteinuria (proteins in pee) surpassing the normal level of 3.5g
-causes hypoproteinema in blood
-treatment : diet
In ___ syndrome, since theres no proteins in blood, liver overproduces ____ which leads to ____.
-nephrotic
-lipoproteins
-hyperlipidemia
-This syndrome consists of proteinuria and hematuria
-causes acute renal failure and there are three types
-Nephritic syndrome
1. pre renal
2.intrarenal
3.postrenal
Intrarenal
caused by acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
-treatment- focus on the underlying cause, dialysis,diet
-one should monitor the blood work
Prerenal
-this can be reversed
-less than 25% perfusion
-happens due to dehydration
What are the three stages of infrarenal manifestations?
- initiation phase
- oliguric phase:less urine, hypertension, high BUN,Cr,K &P, and low Na and Ca
- polyuric phase: recovering, peeing more
What causes acute tubular necrosis and glomerularnephritis?
hypotension, nephrotic drugs (NSAIDS), aminoglycosides
Chronic Renal failure
-seen with diabetes mellitus, lupus
- no symptoms until kidneys lose 75% of function
-symptoms: metabolic acidosis, uremic frost ( too much urea in blood that it shows up on skin)
What are the five stages of chronic renal failure based on GFR?
Stage I greater than 90 ml/min
stage II 60-89 ml
stage III 30-59 ml
stage IV 15-29
stave V less than 15
Which two stages would need dialysis?
stage 4 and 5
