Renal System

Question 1

Kidneys

Answer 1

excrete wasta
produce erthyopoeitin which produces RBCS

Question 2

The waste is made up of what two major components which determines renal status?

Answer 2

Urea and Creatine

Question 3

Made up of old proteins
Measured using BUN and whats normal level

Answer 3

Urea
normal level is 10 -20

Question 4

What is normal level of creatine?

Answer 4

0.6-1.2

Question 5

High readings of __ determines if the kidneys are in failure

Answer 5

Creatine

Question 6

what is the functional unit of the kidney? and what is it made up of?

Answer 6

the nephron which is consisted of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 7

the afferent arteriole passes through here and blood is filtered?

Answer 7

glomerulus

Question 8

What is being reabsorbed into the capillaries?

Answer 8

glucose, aminos , K and Na

Question 9

__ , ___, and ___ ___ is secreted from the capillaries and absorbed into what?

Answer 9

urea, uric acid, and creatine.
the DCT absorbs the waste

Question 10

This increases the aquaporins in the DCT, and __ ___

Answer 10

ADH
collecting duct

Question 11

Renin

Answer 11

released by juxtaglomerular cells to increase volume/ bp

Question 12

ANP and BNP

Answer 12

the heart has too much volume so it releases these hormones to increase filtration and secretion of H20 and Na

Question 13

What is it called when someone voids less than 400ml a day?

Answer 13

oliguria

Question 14

Anuria

Answer 14

theres no urine output

Question 15

How does pee move from the kidneys to the bladder?

Answer 15

moves due to peristalsis

Question 16

Hydroureter?
Hydronephrosis?
Ureterohydronephrosis?

Answer 16

-accumulation of pee in ureter
-enlargement of kidney
-enlargement of ureter and kidney

Question 17

Upper Urinary Tract obstruction happens where? symptoms? treatment?

Answer 17

-In the kidney and ureters due to kidney stones
-RENAL COLIC, dull aching flank pain, nausea, HEMATURIA
-treatment is drink water, lithotripsy

Question 18

How big does the kidney stone have to be to have it surgically removed?

Answer 18

more than 5mm

Question 19

Happens due to prostate enlargement
causes nocturia which is peeing in the night

Answer 19

lower urinary tract obstruction

Question 20

Renal Cell carcinoma

Answer 20

most common tumor which causes hemturia, flank pain, weight loss, and a palpable flank mass

Question 21

transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 21

bladder tumor
causes painless hematuria
treatment consist of LOCAL chemotherapy

Question 22

Local vs systemic chemo

Answer 22

local is when its directly attached to the bladder while systemic is intravenous

Question 23

What is caused by e.coli? It’s seen in older women who are sexually active or people who have catheter, DM, or immunosuppressants.

Answer 23

UTI

Question 24

How does the host defend itself from a UTI?

Answer 24

We have protective membrane, washout phenomenon (washes out by peeing), and local immune response

Question 25

This is when only the bladder is infected

Answer 25

acute cystitis

Question 26

Urethritis

Answer 26

inflammation of urethra

Question 27

Manifestations of UTI? subjective and objective?

Answer 27

Subjective: dysuria (pain while peeing), low back pain, urgency
objective : nocturia, hematuria, Pyuria (puss)

Question 28

Pyelonephritis

Answer 28

e.coli infection in upper urinary tract
causes flank pain, nausea
discovered by doing urinalysis, and IVP
treatment: antibiotics

Question 29

This is an x ray with contrast

Answer 29

IVP;intravenous pyelogram

Question 30

What cell covers the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 30

podocytes

Question 31

Acute glomerularnephritis

Answer 31

glomerular inflammation due to infection
there are two types due to immune problems or nonimune

Question 32

-Type III hypersensitivity to antibodies
-Happens because of streptococci seen in strep or impetigo
-causes hypertension, hematuria, periorbital edema, proteinuria
treatment- corticosteroids, antibiotics, dietary restrictions

Answer 32

Immune version of acute glomerularnephritis

Question 33

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 33

• this is massive proteinuria (proteins in pee) surpassing the normal level of 3.5g
  -causes hypoproteinema in blood
  -treatment : diet

Question 34

In ___ syndrome, since theres no proteins in blood, liver overproduces ____ which leads to ____.

Answer 34

-nephrotic
-lipoproteins
-hyperlipidemia

Question 35

-This syndrome consists of proteinuria and hematuria
-causes acute renal failure and there are three types

Answer 35

-Nephritic syndrome
1. pre renal
2.intrarenal
3.postrenal

Question 36

Intrarenal

Answer 36

caused by acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
-treatment- focus on the underlying cause, dialysis,diet
-one should monitor the blood work

Question 37

Prerenal

Answer 37

-this can be reversed
-less than 25% perfusion
-happens due to dehydration

Question 38

What are the three stages of infrarenal manifestations?

Answer 38

1. initiation phase
2. oliguric phase:less urine, hypertension, high BUN,Cr,K &P, and low Na and Ca
3. polyuric phase: recovering, peeing more

Question 39

What causes acute tubular necrosis and glomerularnephritis?

Answer 39

hypotension, nephrotic drugs (NSAIDS), aminoglycosides

Question 40

Chronic Renal failure

Answer 40

-seen with diabetes mellitus, lupus
- no symptoms until kidneys lose 75% of function
-symptoms: metabolic acidosis, uremic frost ( too much urea in blood that it shows up on skin)

Question 41

What are the five stages of chronic renal failure based on GFR?

Answer 41

Stage I greater than 90 ml/min
stage II 60-89 ml
stage III 30-59 ml
stage IV 15-29
stave V less than 15

Question 42

Which two stages would need dialysis?

Answer 42

stage 4 and 5