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Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

From the innermost to the outermost, what are the layers of the heart?

A

endocardium
myocardium
pericardium
fibrous pericardium

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2
Q

What is the pericardium consisted of?

A

visceral, pericardial cavity, and parietal

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3
Q

preload vs afterload

A

pre: is the amount of blood that enters heart prior to contraction while
after: is the pressure that is generated to push the blood from the ventricles into the aortas

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4
Q

___ inhibitors will decrease preload and angiotensin II

A

ACE

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5
Q

Inotropic drugs will influence the force of ____ ____

A

cardiac contraction

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6
Q

Chronotropic drugs affect ___ control

A

HR

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7
Q

what is the normal level for cardiac output?

A

3.5-8 liters/min

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8
Q

Atheroscleorsis

A

there’s buildup of plaque in the arteries which can cause ischemia, angina, and claudication

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9
Q

LDL vs HDL

A

low density lipoprotein is bad cholesterol that contains less percentage of protein compared to high density lipoprotein which is good cholesterol with a high concentration of protein

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10
Q

What are the layers of an artery wall? innermost to outermost

A

tunica intimate: has contact with blood
tunica media: layer of smooth muscle & elastic tissue
tunica externa (adventitia): layer of connective tissue

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11
Q

What are the steps to acquire atherosclerosis?

A
  1. the tunica intima will have rips/holes
  2. LDL will go into the hole, activating the immune response
  3. a fibroblasts will from a fibrous cap around the wound
    next step happens if theres a fissure/opening in the cap
  4. platelets and fibrin will start to accumulate, making a thrombus
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12
Q

How does LDL activate the immune response in atherosclerosis?

A

Since LDL moved into the rip, it will attract monocytes which turn into macrophages. these will start to eat the LDL and then die becoming foam cells.

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13
Q

T or F
When a thrombus is present, it’s considered a stable plaque.

A

FALSE
a thrombus is present in unstable plaque

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14
Q

T or F
An embolism can be made from __,__,___.

A

blood, air, fat

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15
Q

Normal BP?
Elevated BP?
Stage 1 HTN?
Stage 2 HTN?

A

<120/<80
120-129/<80
130-139/80-90
>140/>90

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16
Q

___ Na levels
___ Ca, Mg, and K level cause HTN

A

high
low

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17
Q

What are possible complications of HTN medications?

A

cerebral vascular accident, proteinuria, blindness, MI

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18
Q

What is secondary HTN and what are examples?

A

its HTN that happens because of another disease
examples are
-renal vascular disease: high RAAS, decreases renal flow
-renal parenchyma: damaged tubules, high RAAS
-adrenocortical and adrenomedullary tumors

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19
Q

What are first line drug medications that are prescribed for HTN?

A

-thiazide type diuretics
-calcium channel blockers CCB
-ACE inhibitors
-Angiotensin II receptor blockers ARBs

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20
Q

What are last line drug medications for HTN?

A

beta blockers
alpha blockers
loop diuretics
aldosterone antagonists

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21
Q

T or F
Thiazide and CCB are prescribed to african americans?

A

true

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22
Q

T or F
Thiazide, ACEI’s and ARBs are prescribed to people with CKD?

A

False
only ACEI’s and ARBs

23
Q

If theres more than a ___ drop in systole and ___ drop in diastole, its considered to be orthostatic hypotension?

A

20, 10

24
Q

Right vs Left sided Heart Failure

A

Right sided HF is when the heart can’t pump enough blood to the respiratory system so it will back up into the circulatory system through the superior/inferior vena cava and its caused by LHF
Left sided HF happens when ventricle cant produce stroke volume which leads low CO, and blood in the lungs

25
Q

What normally causes LHF?

A

hypertension

26
Q

Cardiomyopathies, CAD, and valvular disorders are primary disorders that cause ___?

A

HF

27
Q

Sign/Symptoms of
LHF vs RHF

A

LHF: causes shortness of breath, coughing, pink frothy sputum, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and decreased urine output
RHF: causes peripheral edema, swollen neck veins, nocturne, rapid weight gain

28
Q

What is it called when theres an accumulation of fluid in abdomen?

A

ascites

29
Q

How do you diagnose and treat HF?

A

diagnose:EKG, ECHO (EF), blood work ( electrolytes, and B natriuretic peptides
treatment: diuretics (decreases preload), vasodilators (decrease after load)

30
Q

Peripheral Vascular disease

A

-disease of veins which cause poor circulation to legs (claudication)
-can cause artherosclerosis, raynaud phenomenon, thromboangiitis

31
Q

This is an inflammatory disease of the peripheral ARt.It’s seen in young men who smoke and causes thick malformed nails, pain, and/or gangrene.

A

Thromboangiitis obliternas or Buerger disease

32
Q

Raynaud phenomenon

A

This consists of vasospasm attacks in small arterioles in fingers
this can cause numbness, rubor, brittle skin

33
Q

Varicose veins

A

valves in veins are damaged, so blood starts to pool, causing distention
seen in people who stand a lot, clots or trauma to veins
- can cause cell death/necrosis, or ulcers

34
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clot in vein which causes pain, edema and warmth
TR: heparin, enoxaparin

35
Q

T or F
Heparin does NOT dissolve thrombosis

A

true

36
Q

What are the risk factors of DVT?

A

-circulatory stasis
- atrial fibrillation, varicose veins,
-vascular wall injury
- atherosclerosis
-hypercoagulable state
-pregnancy

37
Q

Can platelets aggregate in a plaque if theres no fissure?

A

NO, there needs to be an opening to allow them in

38
Q

Coronary Artery Disease
stable vs unstable?
risks?
TR?

A

-Unstable plaque will cause pain even at rest
-risks: dyslipidemia, HTN, DM, Obesity
-TR:cath lab ( insert ballon to open artery),CA bypass, or anti platelet drugs

39
Q

CAD
Transmural injury vs subendocardial injury

A

Transmural is when the whole wall is blocked while sub is only a part of it is blocked

40
Q

This type of pain comes from vasospasm and has no relation to artherosclerosis

A

prinzmetal angina

41
Q

Stable angina

A

symptoms subdue @ rest
medications consist of nitroglycerin which dilate CA’s

42
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A
  • this is cell death in the heart which leads to ischemia
    -two types are Non-STEMI & STEMI
    NON: is when the ST segment is the same as the O line while STEMI is when the segment is elevated
43
Q

What will an MI look like on a EKG?

A

ischemia: inverted T waves, ST depression
injury MI: ST elevation
Indication of past MI: Q waves

44
Q

___,___,___ are biomarkers for an MI

A

CKMB, troponin I and troponin T

45
Q

How do you treat an MI?

A

Nitrates to dilate CA’s
ASA: anticoagulant
thrombolytic : remove thrombosis

46
Q

Acute pericarditis

A

inflamed pericardial due to viruses
causing chest in pain, worsens when moving
signs: pulse paradoxus (pulse stops when inhaling), friction rub, HTN

47
Q

Accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity

A

pericardial effusion

48
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

theres accumulation of fluid which compresses heart, affecting its beating
happens cause of MI
signs/symptoms: muffled heart sounds, Hypotension, distended neck veins

49
Q

What is becks triad?

A

muffled heart sounds, Hypotension, distended neck veins seen in cardiac tamponade

50
Q

Cardiomyopathy types
-dilated ?
-restrictive?
-hypertrophy?

A

Dilated is when the heart is big and floppy, and it can’t pump
restrictive is when the heart is rigid, Diastolic increases

51
Q

Stenosis vs regurgitation in valvular defects

A

in stenosis, the valve doesn’t open COMPLETELY while regurgitation it doesnt properly close meaning blood moves back

52
Q

This is when the valves open up instead of down, seen in women and is a congenital HD.
sign/symp: new heart murmur
TR: antibiotics (ABX)

A

mitral valve prolapse

53
Q

Rheumatic HD

A

caused from infection of group A streptococci throat infection causing a fever and needs to be treated with ABX

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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