Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Bones metabolize calcium, and do what process?

Answer 1

hematopoises which is formation of RBC

Question 2

How are joints classified and what are the three types?

Answer 2

Based on how they move
synarthrosis: not moveable
diarthorisis: freely
amphiarthorsis: somewhat moveable

Question 3

-This is when the size of the cell increases
-This is when the # of cells increase
-Disuse of the cell/muscle

Answer 3

• hypertrophy
  -hyperplasia
  -atrophy

Question 4

trauma to muscle/tendon vs tearing of ligaments
what is it called?

Answer 4

strain vs sprain

Question 5

Avulsion vs joint dislocation

Answer 5

avulsion is complete separation of tendon or ligament while joint dislocation is incomplete and can also be called subloxation

Question 6

Manifestations of avulsions

Answer 6

POPPING NOISE
swelling
loss of motion

Question 7

Greenstick fracture

Answer 7

incomplete fracture in kids

Question 8

Comminuted fracture

Answer 8

bone breaks in more than 2 pieces

Question 9

What are the bone healing stages?

Answer 9

1. hematoma: it forms which then a fibrin meshwork builds around clot
2. callus formation: procallus forms which then results in fibroblasts proliferation
3. bony callus formation: osteoblast make spongy bone
   4.remodeling: osteoclast break old bone

Question 10

malunion vs nonunion

Answer 10

bone heals at a angle so it has to be broken again vs failure of bone to heal

Question 11

5 P’s

Answer 11

pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis,polar

Question 12

Intracapsular vs extracapsular

Answer 12

femur head broken within joint capsule while extra is broken without where greater trochanter

Question 13

Interventions for hip fracture

Answer 13

-maintain leg/hip in proper alignment
PREVENT EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL ROTATION OR HIP FLEXION
keep leg abduction

Question 14

why are women more prone to hip fracture?

Answer 14

due to low estrogen

Question 15

Osteoporosis

Answer 15

-high osteoclast activity
-caused by too much PTH, cortisol, and thyroid hormone
-risk factors: diet high in P, pale small women, too much alcohol/smoking
-medication: glucocorticoids, anti seizure, PPI
-premenopausal women should drink 1000 mg of CA and post 1500mg

Question 16

Can cause breast cancer, thromboembolism, and cardiovascular disease
its the replacement of estrogen

Answer 16

hormone replacement therapy

Question 17

Major differences between osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 17

rheumatoid is a chronic disease where the joint tissue is inflamed , its symmetric, and morning stiffness lasts longer. Also boutonniere deformity happens which is jammed finger

Question 18

Osteoarthritis

Answer 18

the cartilage has been worn down
manifestation: crepitis ( grinding of joints), deformity Heberden nodes (DIP) bouchard nodes (PIP)