Cells, Tissue and Genetics Flashcards
This packs and processes proteins
golgi apparatus
Synthesizes lipids/proteins
Rough ER
Digest cellular substances
Lysosomes
What are the 8 cellular functions
movement
conductivity
secretion
excretion
metabolic rxn
repirations
reproduction
communication
This transport moves from greater concentration to lower concentration. There are two types of this membrane transport.
Diffusion
There passive and facilitated diffusion
What molecules can pass through passive and which can’t?
Organic molecules can pass such as O2, CO2, and alcohol.
Protein and glucose CAN NOT pass through passive.
Glucose passes through facilitated
What are the 4 types of tissue?
epithelial, connective (binds organs and tissues), nerve (glia & neurons) and muscle (myocytes)
Definitions of cellular adaptations
1. it decreases in size cause it’s not in use
2. increase in size
3. increase in number of cells
4. A cell replaces another mature cell
5. there are abnormal changes in the size and shape
1.atrophy
2. hypertrophy
3.hyperplasia
4. metaplasia (seen in smokers airway)
5. dysplasia (an ex is cancer)
benign vs malignant
Benign tumors stay in place so they dont metastasize while malignant ones do
T or F
can tumors go from being benign to malignant?
True
What is this?
The cells are still in place, not able to move. this is considered early stage.
this is carcinoma in situ
Apoptosis vs Necrosis
apoptosis is when the cell programmed its death while necrosis is always a pathological death, meaning it shouldn’t have died
What are examples of too much apoptosis?
Alzheimers, parkinsons and ALS
T or F
There are 24 pairs of chromosomes
False, there are 23 pairs which include 1 pair of sex chromosomes
What is the basic unit of inheritance ?
genes
What is the process of going from DNA to Proteins?
it includes two processes
transcription : DNA -> RNA (inside nucleus)
translation : RNA -> proteins (inside cytoplasm)
Autosomal dominant
this is when both female and male are affected equally
Marfan syndrome
ex of autosomal dominant
- it’s a disease of the connective tissue causing long arms/legs
-it causes ocular (myopia, retinal detachment), skeletal (hyper mobility) and cardiovascular abnormalities.
Autosomal Recessive
this is when you need both of the little letter to have the disease. if you only have one, then you are a carrier
Cystic fibrosis
ex of autosomal recessive
- causes think mucus in GI and respiratory tract.
-happens due to decrease in Cl transport
What organs does cystic fibrosis affect?
sinuses, lungs, skin, liver, pancreas, intestines, and reproductive
Phenylketonuria PKU
an ex of autosomal recessive
-caused by a defect in amino acid metabolism; excess of phenylalanine
-causes mental retardation, fair skin/hair and eczema
Tay Sachs disorder
an ex of autosomal recessive
- excess of glyolipids in brain; lysosomes aren’t working
-causes seizures & blindness in ages 2-5
they dont last long with disease
no treatment but genetic screening can be done
T or F
Y linked inheritance is more common than x linked
FALSE; x linked is more common
Color blindness
happens in males because they dont have a second X to compensate for the bad X
it’s an x linked recessive disorder
Chromosomal disorders happen because of what?
- radiation/chemicals
- viral infections
Trisomy 21
three chromosomes at spot 21 instead of 2
happens because there was a failure to separate during oogenesis/spermatogenesis
Turner syndrome
- happens to girls
-they are missing the second X which causes them to not develop secondary sex characteristics
-causes: short statue, webbing of neck, absent ovaries and coarctation of aorta.
What gene and chromosome is mutated in cystic fibrosis?
The CFTR gene on chromosome 7
