Cells, Tissue and Genetics

Question 1

This packs and processes proteins

Answer 1

golgi apparatus

Question 2

Synthesizes lipids/proteins

Answer 2

Rough ER

Question 3

Digest cellular substances

Answer 3

Lysosomes

Question 4

What are the 8 cellular functions

Answer 4

movement
conductivity
secretion
excretion
metabolic rxn
repirations
reproduction
communication

Question 5

This transport moves from greater concentration to lower concentration. There are two types of this membrane transport.

Answer 5

Diffusion
There passive and facilitated diffusion

Question 6

What molecules can pass through passive and which can’t?

Answer 6

Organic molecules can pass such as O2, CO2, and alcohol.
Protein and glucose CAN NOT pass through passive.
Glucose passes through facilitated

Question 7

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 7

epithelial, connective (binds organs and tissues), nerve (glia & neurons) and muscle (myocytes)

Question 8

Definitions of cellular adaptations
1. it decreases in size cause it’s not in use
2. increase in size
3. increase in number of cells
4. A cell replaces another mature cell
5. there are abnormal changes in the size and shape

Answer 8

1.atrophy
2. hypertrophy
3.hyperplasia
4. metaplasia (seen in smokers airway)
5. dysplasia (an ex is cancer)

Question 9

benign vs malignant

Answer 9

Benign tumors stay in place so they dont metastasize while malignant ones do

Question 10

T or F
can tumors go from being benign to malignant?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is this?
The cells are still in place, not able to move. this is considered early stage.

Answer 11

this is carcinoma in situ

Question 12

Apoptosis vs Necrosis

Answer 12

apoptosis is when the cell programmed its death while necrosis is always a pathological death, meaning it shouldn’t have died

Question 13

What are examples of too much apoptosis?

Answer 13

Alzheimers, parkinsons and ALS

Question 14

T or F
There are 24 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 14

False, there are 23 pairs which include 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 15

What is the basic unit of inheritance ?

Answer 15

genes

Question 16

What is the process of going from DNA to Proteins?

Answer 16

it includes two processes
transcription : DNA -> RNA (inside nucleus)
translation : RNA -> proteins (inside cytoplasm)

Question 17

Autosomal dominant

Answer 17

this is when both female and male are affected equally

Question 18

Marfan syndrome

Answer 18

ex of autosomal dominant
- it’s a disease of the connective tissue causing long arms/legs
-it causes ocular (myopia, retinal detachment), skeletal (hyper mobility) and cardiovascular abnormalities.

Question 19

Autosomal Recessive

Answer 19

this is when you need both of the little letter to have the disease. if you only have one, then you are a carrier

Question 20

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 20

ex of autosomal recessive
- causes think mucus in GI and respiratory tract.
-happens due to decrease in Cl transport

Question 21

What organs does cystic fibrosis affect?

Answer 21

sinuses, lungs, skin, liver, pancreas, intestines, and reproductive

Question 22

Phenylketonuria PKU

Answer 22

an ex of autosomal recessive
-caused by a defect in amino acid metabolism; excess of phenylalanine
-causes mental retardation, fair skin/hair and eczema

Question 23

Tay Sachs disorder

Answer 23

an ex of autosomal recessive
- excess of glyolipids in brain; lysosomes aren’t working
-causes seizures & blindness in ages 2-5
they dont last long with disease
no treatment but genetic screening can be done

Question 24

T or F
Y linked inheritance is more common than x linked

Answer 24

FALSE; x linked is more common

Question 25

Color blindness

Answer 25

happens in males because they dont have a second X to compensate for the bad X
it’s an x linked recessive disorder

Question 26

Chromosomal disorders happen because of what?

Answer 26

• radiation/chemicals
• viral infections

Question 27

Trisomy 21

Answer 27

three chromosomes at spot 21 instead of 2
happens because there was a failure to separate during oogenesis/spermatogenesis

Question 28

Turner syndrome

Answer 28

• happens to girls
  -they are missing the second X which causes them to not develop secondary sex characteristics
  -causes: short statue, webbing of neck, absent ovaries and coarctation of aorta.

Question 29

What gene and chromosome is mutated in cystic fibrosis?

Answer 29

The CFTR gene on chromosome 7