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Pathophysiology > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive

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2
Q

Innate vs Adaptive

A

Innate
-its rapid
-its limited to a specific amount of microbes
-symptoms are similar to each exposure

Adaptive
- its slower
-its unique to each antigen
-it has immunologic memory

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3
Q

What is the first line of the immune system? and what type is it?

A

1.skin
2.mucous membrane
3. flora/acidity in GI
Innate

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4
Q

Which line of defense has inflammation?

A

the second line which consists of inflammation, and antimicrobial substances and its innate immunity?

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5
Q

which is the only line of defense that is adaptive?

A

the third line of defense which consists of b cells, t helper cells and killer t cells

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6
Q

These cells perform phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

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7
Q

These destroy the antigen and are apart of the second and third line of defense?

A

Natural killer cells

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8
Q

What are the two different cells B lymphocytes can turn into? and what does each one do?

A

memory cells- they are the rapid antibody response
plasma cells- these secret antibodies

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9
Q

What are the two cells T lymphocytes can turn into? and what do they do?

A

Cytotoxic- these are the SPECIFIC antigen destroyers
Helper T cells - these start the alarm system

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10
Q

Lysozymes are seen in which line of defense?

A

the first line which is in specifically the mucous membrane

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11
Q

What is the pneumonic for the abundance level of WBCs?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat bananas
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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12
Q

What can cause inflammation and what are the symptoms?

A

inflammation can be caused by ischemia, trauma, foreign bodies. its symptoms consists of redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function

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13
Q

___ cells release histamine

A

mast

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14
Q

___ cell
-contains granules
-released in inflammation/digestive substances
-is the most abundant

A

neutrophils

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15
Q

Major ignitor of adaptive response and activates lymphocytes

A

monocytes

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16
Q

Neutro and macrophages

A

these are phagocytes and are attracted by chemotaxis

17
Q

where can you find mast cells? and other than histamine what do they release?

A

in connective tissue, and they release prostglandins

18
Q

_____ release serotonin?

A

platelets

19
Q

There’s an injured tissue–>cell ruptures–>____ ____ is released, which enables two path ways: LOX and ____.

A

arachidonic acid
COX

20
Q

the lox pathway releases ___ while the COX pathway releases ___ and ____.

A

leukotrienes
prostaglandins, and thromboxate

21
Q

Steps in acute inflammation
1.vascular response
2.cellular response
what happens in each step?

A

1.in the vascular response, theres a period of vasoconstriction before it dilate causing increased capillary permeability (edema) and blood flow
2. in the cellular response, there are three steps
-adhesion margination:WBC’s attach to blood vessel
-transmigration: they leave vessel
-chemotaxis: leave the vessel and go to the are of inflammation

22
Q

what is the other name for transmigration ?
what causes edema?

A

diapedesis
RBCs and proteins

23
Q

How is inflammation treated?

A

-NSAIDs, aspirin which block the COX pathway, blocking prostaglandins , blocking PAIN
-corticosteroids: stops the generation of arachidonic acid

24
Q

Third line of defense is __ and ___ lymphocytes? what immunity does each provide?

A

T and B lymphocytes
T: provides cell mediated while
B: provides humoral immunity

25
Q

Active immunity

A

antibodies are produced in body
natural:pathogen enter the body by a cold
artificial: path. enter through a vaccine for polio

26
Q

Passive immunity

A

pathogens move through organisms
natural: pregnant women gives baby pathogens
artificial this is when you come into contact with the virus so you get the vaccine with the antibodies for it

27
Q

an immune response starts off with the alarm system, ___, which this releases _____, this will set off three cells ___, ____,____.

A

T4 helper t cells
releases cytokines
b lymphocytes, t cytotoxic cell, Natural killer cells

28
Q

T lymphocytes are produced in ____, and mature in ____. T4 cells activate what other cells with the release of cytokines?
How do cytotoxic t cells differentiate between self and foreign cells?

A

bone marrow, thymus
they activate macrophages, b lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic t cells
differentiate using major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

29
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity disorders are there? and what are they?

A

4 types
type 1 Ig E mediated
type 2 Ig M/G mediated
typer 3 accumulation of antigen-antibody immune complex
type 4 cell mediated

30
Q

Type 1 IgE mediated

A

these are allergic rxns, local rxns
two phases
-early phase (5-30 min): vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, AntiB attaches to mast cell
-late phase (2-8hrs):this is when the LOX/COX pathway starts
symptoms are rhinitis, asthma, hives, atopic dermatitis

31
Q

Anaphylaxis
-systemic release of __,__,__
- symptoms are hypotension,____, edema, ___, GI cramps
- what are the different grades?

A

histamine, prostaglandins,leukotrienes
bronchospasm, itching
-grade I : erythema, urticaria , possibly angioedema
-grade II: hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnea, nausea
-grade III: bronchospasm, cardia dysrhythmias
-grade IIII: cardiac arrest , resuscitation

32
Q

type II IgG/M

A

-blood transfusion, myasthenia gravis, graves disease, good pasture syndrome

33
Q

type III accumulation of antibody/antigen complex

A

-systemic lupus erythimatosis, acute glomerularnephritis , rheumatoid arthritis

34
Q

systemic lupus erythimatosis

A

-the production of antiB that work against different parts of the body ex. nucleic acid
-symptoms: arthritis, renal disease, rash, CV disease
-treatment: corticosteroids, immunnosupressants

35
Q

type IV: cell mediated

A

-this activates T lymph instead of antibodies
-can cause cell death and seen in contact dermatitis

36
Q

HIV

A

-happens with contact of bodily fluids
-uses reverse transcriptase, HIV protease, and HIV integrate
-treatment: CCr5 antagonists, blocks the enzymes

37
Q

Phases of HIV
1. flu like syndrome (fever headache pharyngitis, arthralgia) high viral load, low CD4 count
2.10 yrs, CD4 counts falls gradually
3. CD4 levels are below 200 or opportunistic illness

A
  1. primary infection
    2.chronic asymptomatic (latency)
  2. over aids
38
Q

what is the normal level of CD4?

A

800-1000

39
Q

Aids

A

CDF falls below 200 or opportunistic infections (tuberculosis)
treatment: antiretroviral therapy, HAART, PREP

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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