Endocrine System Flashcards
Autocrine?
Paracrine?
Endocrine?
-cell makes hormone for itself
-cell makes hormones for nearby cells
-cell makes hormones for other organs
-control the state of the body like temp, nutrients, pain, emotions, inflammatory mediators
- releases releasing-hormones
-examples are GnRH, CRH,growth hormone releasing , thyrotropin releasing H, and somatostatin growth hormone inhibiting hor
hypothalamus
what does somatostatin hormone inhibit?
growth hormone, and thyroid stimulating (TSH)
Posterior pituitary releases ___,____
Anterior pituitary releases ___….?
-ADH, oxytocin (contractions)
-TSH, GH, FHS, LH, ACTH (regulates fat, protein, carb metabolism) , MSH (melanin),prolactin ( production of breast milk)
what are the only two things that follow a positive feedback loop?
-platelet aggregation, and oxytocin
Adrenal cortex consists of what hormones?
Adrenal medulla consists of what hormones?
-mineralcorticosteroids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), sex steroids
-epinephrine , norepinephrine , known as catecholamines
What does cortisol do?
-it increases catabolism of muscle, free fatty acids
-increases blood glucose, sympathetic respiratory, and suppresses immune system.
Tertiary:
Secondary:
Primary:
these are related to what?
-this is when theres a problem in the hypothalamus
- problem in the pituitary
-problem in the gland
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
- due to CNS tumor, drugs or pituitary surgery
-this causes an increase in ___ and ___ retention. This will cause for low levels in ___ ___ and high levels in ____.
-increase in ADH and water/na retention
-low levels in blood osmolality and high in urine
Low levels of Na, and serum osmolality in blood causes what type of manifestation?
-neurological defects, vomiting, HF, nausea, cramping, seizure
- this is hyponatremia, treatment is fluids
Diabetes Insipidus
- due to low ADH production
-three types:
-neurogenic: treatment : vasopressin
-nephrogenic (kidney failure) : treatment oral hydration
-psychogenic (drinks too much water) - high levels in blood (dried mucuous membranes) while low in urine
Acromegaly vs Gigantism
-both are high levels of GH
-Gigantism: happens in children so they will be taller/bigger
-acromegaly: in adults so they have protruded jaw, forehead, large hands, barrel chest , thick tongue
-can be treated by removing pituitary tumor
Graves disease
- ___ levels of T3/4
-symptoms are : ____, ____
-Treatment: thyroidectomy
-will have ___calcemia/____phosphatemia
-high levels of T3
-exophthalmos (bulging of eyes), goiter (enlarged goiter)
Hashimotos thyroiditis is a _____ disease that results in ___ levels of T3/T4
-autoimmune
-low
-this is hypothyroidism
Thyrotoxic crisis
-hyperthyroidism with added stress
-high levels of catecholamines
-cause death, tachycardia, dehydration
-management: beta blockers which blocks sympathetic NS
Hypoparathyroidism
- causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
- numbness, tingling
What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?
- weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance, dry skin, puffy face due to myxedema ( deposition of proteins/ lipopolysaccharides
-low T3/4, high TSH
-replacement hormones aid
Cushing syndrome
-too much cortisol
-objective: think trunk, buffalo hump, acne , HTN, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, edema,
-diagnosis: high glucose, high BP and DEXAMETHANOSE SUPRESS
Addison disease
-low cortisol, high potassium , low aldosterone, hypovolemia,vomiting, diarrhea,
- increase Na diet
Alpha cells:
Beta cells:
Delta cells:
PP cells:
-glucagon
-insulin
-somatostatin
-pancreatic polypeptide
Diabetes type I vs type II
Type I
-no insulin, autoimmune
- causes hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, three Ps (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
- high glucagon, low insulin
-treatment: SQ injections, exercise
SKINNY
Type II
- insulin resistance due to obesity, poor diet, no exercise
-causes three Ps, GU infections, paresthesia
-check glu level greater than 126
-treatment: hypoglycemic medication
What is prediabetic sugar level ?
100-125
Metabolic syndrome
- if you have 3/5, you have it
- fasting blood glucose , >100
- BP >130/85
- HDL: <50 (female), <40 (male)
- triglycerides >150
5.waist circumference : >35 (female) , >40 males
Somogyi vs Dawn effect
-somogyi: glucose drops at night so you need a snack before bed
-dawn: sugar slowly starts to increase
Hypoglycemia:
-signs: tachycardia, light headed, diaphoresis, pallor
-serum glucose <70
DKA
-happen in type 1
-due to breakdown of fat, glucose levels rise fast
-signs: acidic pH , kussmaul breathing, fruity smell
-treatment: correction of fluids, insulin
HHNS
in elderly
signs: stupor ->coma-> death, dehydration
glucose higher than 600
