Endocrine System

Question 1

Autocrine?
Paracrine?
Endocrine?

Answer 1

-cell makes hormone for itself
-cell makes hormones for nearby cells
-cell makes hormones for other organs

Question 2

-control the state of the body like temp, nutrients, pain, emotions, inflammatory mediators
- releases releasing-hormones
-examples are GnRH, CRH,growth hormone releasing , thyrotropin releasing H, and somatostatin growth hormone inhibiting hor

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

what does somatostatin hormone inhibit?

Answer 3

growth hormone, and thyroid stimulating (TSH)

Question 4

Posterior pituitary releases ___,____
Anterior pituitary releases ___….?

Answer 4

-ADH, oxytocin (contractions)
-TSH, GH, FHS, LH, ACTH (regulates fat, protein, carb metabolism) , MSH (melanin),prolactin ( production of breast milk)

Question 5

what are the only two things that follow a positive feedback loop?

Answer 5

-platelet aggregation, and oxytocin

Question 6

Adrenal cortex consists of what hormones?
Adrenal medulla consists of what hormones?

Answer 6

-mineralcorticosteroids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), sex steroids
-epinephrine , norepinephrine , known as catecholamines

Question 7

What does cortisol do?

Answer 7

-it increases catabolism of muscle, free fatty acids
-increases blood glucose, sympathetic respiratory, and suppresses immune system.

Question 8

Tertiary:
Secondary:
Primary:
these are related to what?

Answer 8

-this is when theres a problem in the hypothalamus
- problem in the pituitary
-problem in the gland

Question 9

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
- due to CNS tumor, drugs or pituitary surgery
-this causes an increase in ___ and ___ retention. This will cause for low levels in ___ ___ and high levels in ____.

Answer 9

-increase in ADH and water/na retention
-low levels in blood osmolality and high in urine

Question 10

Low levels of Na, and serum osmolality in blood causes what type of manifestation?

Answer 10

-neurological defects, vomiting, HF, nausea, cramping, seizure
- this is hyponatremia, treatment is fluids

Question 11

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 11

• due to low ADH production
  -three types:
  -neurogenic: treatment : vasopressin
  -nephrogenic (kidney failure) : treatment oral hydration
  -psychogenic (drinks too much water)
• high levels in blood (dried mucuous membranes) while low in urine

Question 12

Acromegaly vs Gigantism

Answer 12

-both are high levels of GH
-Gigantism: happens in children so they will be taller/bigger
-acromegaly: in adults so they have protruded jaw, forehead, large hands, barrel chest , thick tongue
-can be treated by removing pituitary tumor

Question 13

Graves disease
- ___ levels of T3/4
-symptoms are : ____, ____
-Treatment: thyroidectomy
-will have ___calcemia/____phosphatemia

Answer 13

-high levels of T3
-exophthalmos (bulging of eyes), goiter (enlarged goiter)

Question 13

Hashimotos thyroiditis is a _____ disease that results in ___ levels of T3/T4

Answer 13

-autoimmune
-low
-this is hypothyroidism

Question 13

Thyrotoxic crisis

Answer 13

-hyperthyroidism with added stress
-high levels of catecholamines
-cause death, tachycardia, dehydration
-management: beta blockers which blocks sympathetic NS

Question 14

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 14

• causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
• numbness, tingling

Question 15

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 15

• weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance, dry skin, puffy face due to myxedema ( deposition of proteins/ lipopolysaccharides
  -low T3/4, high TSH
  -replacement hormones aid

Question 16

Cushing syndrome

Answer 16

-too much cortisol
-objective: think trunk, buffalo hump, acne , HTN, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, edema,
-diagnosis: high glucose, high BP and DEXAMETHANOSE SUPRESS

Question 17

Addison disease

Answer 17

-low cortisol, high potassium , low aldosterone, hypovolemia,vomiting, diarrhea,
- increase Na diet

Question 18

Alpha cells:
Beta cells:
Delta cells:
PP cells:

Answer 18

-glucagon
-insulin
-somatostatin
-pancreatic polypeptide

Question 19

Diabetes type I vs type II

Answer 19

Type I
-no insulin, autoimmune
- causes hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, three Ps (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
- high glucagon, low insulin
-treatment: SQ injections, exercise
SKINNY
Type II
- insulin resistance due to obesity, poor diet, no exercise
-causes three Ps, GU infections, paresthesia
-check glu level greater than 126
-treatment: hypoglycemic medication

Question 20

What is prediabetic sugar level ?

Answer 20

100-125

Question 21

Metabolic syndrome
- if you have 3/5, you have it

Answer 21

1. fasting blood glucose , >100
2. BP >130/85
3. HDL: <50 (female), <40 (male)
4. triglycerides >150
   5.waist circumference : >35 (female) , >40 males

Question 22

Somogyi vs Dawn effect

Answer 22

-somogyi: glucose drops at night so you need a snack before bed
-dawn: sugar slowly starts to increase

Question 23

Hypoglycemia:

Answer 23

-signs: tachycardia, light headed, diaphoresis, pallor
-serum glucose <70

Question 24

DKA

Answer 24

-happen in type 1
-due to breakdown of fat, glucose levels rise fast
-signs: acidic pH , kussmaul breathing, fruity smell
-treatment: correction of fluids, insulin

Question 25

HHNS

Answer 25

in elderly
signs: stupor ->coma-> death, dehydration
glucose higher than 600