Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards
What percentage of body fluid is made up of extracellular fluid? Name the three types that make up the fluid?
1/3
Intravascular fluid
interstitial fluid
transcellular ( CSF, sweat urine, pleura)
Where is there high conc of K and Na?
Intracellular is where theres high conc of K
Extracellular has high conc of Na
The physical force that controls the fluid from tissue fluid and capillaries
Starling force
____ pressure pushes water/solution out
____ pressure retains water
hydrostatic
oncotic/ colloidal
Edema
fluid buildup in the interstitial space
caused by capillary hydrostatic, oncotic
Posterior pituitary releases ___ hormone when fluid has been lost
Antidiuretic hormone
These are natriuretic peptides that are secreted by the heart when it’s in failure. The kidneys are filtering more, secreting __ and __
ANP,BNP
Na and water
RAAS
renin, angiotensin, aldosterone
Aldosterone is the reabsorption of Na and water. and secretion of K
Starts when theres low blood pressure, which causes juxtaglomerular cells to release ___, converting then to angiotensionogen and then ____. It then travels to the ___ and is converted to ____.
renin, angiotensin 1, lungs, angiotensin 2
There are two pathways for RAAS: ____ cortex, and ____. In the cortex, ____ hormone is released causing __ to be retained. In the other pathway, vaso_____ happens to increase blood pressure
adrenal cortex, arterioles
aldosterone, Na
vasoconstriction
Whats the normal osmolality of the body?
275-295
Hypertonic dehydration
causes hyperventilation, ketoacidosis, diarrhea, fever and diabetes insipidus
Hypotonic dehydration
chronic illness, renal failure, chronic malnutrition
Hypervolemia, Other name is ,causes ___
isotonic over hydration, interstitial edema
Major in extracellular
normal level is ___-___
primary dominant of plasma osmolality
sodium
135-145 m Eq/L
Hyponatremia
level? caused by? manefestations?
NA level lower than 135 MEq/l
caused by NA loss, low intake, and dilution hyponatremia, diaphoresis, GI loss
main manefestations: lethargy, disorientation, seizures
Hypernatremia
-Levels higher than 145
-caused by decreased sodium excretion , ie cushing syndrome, hyperaldoteronism
-manefestations: inc urine osmolality, seizures,tachycardia
Potassium
Level?
which can influence the levels?
level: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
kidney regulates
pH, aldosterone, insuline and epinephrine (which last two makes Na/K pump work faster_
Hyperkalemia
what is it? levels?
what disease does it happen to?
levels higher than 5.0 meq/l
Rare cause kidneys will excrete
K move from inside to outside
seen in Adissons disease which is a buildup of K seen in hyponatremia
How to notice if theres hyperkalemia?
There will be peak T waves
hypokalemia
K levels lower than 3.5
causes decrease in neuromuscular excitability
Instead of starting at -70 the threshold, in hypokalemia it starts at _?
-90
Controlled by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D increases absorption and most effective is ionized
calcium and phosphate
How does PTH affect the CA and P levels?
It will increase Ca but will decrease P
if theres high levels of P, then the wo will precipitate
normal level for calcium is
8.5-10.5 mg/dl
hypocalcemia
less than 8.5 mg/dl
caused by lack of ca absorption (lactose intolerant), and renal excretion
manifestation: chvosteks sign ( twitching of face), trousseaus sign ( twitching of forearm), and tetany muscle spasms laryngospasm
hypercalcemia
higher than 10.5 mg/dl
caused by inc ca intestinal absorption, decreased excretion, and incr bone resorption
signs and symptoms: incr HR, and bradycardia, renal stones, anorexia, nausea
Phosphate
normal 2.5-4.5 mg/dl
affected by PTH, vitamin D3, and calcitonin
Hypophosphatemia
lower than 2.5
caused by malnutrition, and inc renal excretion
Hyperphosphatemia
higher than 4.5 mg/dl
caused by decreased renal excretion
Magnesium
intracellular
normal 1.5-2.5 mEq/l
Hypomagnesemia
less than 1.5 mEq/l
causes increase in neuromuscular excitability, anorexia, malnutrition, disorientation and depression
Hypermagnesemia
caused by renal failure, and excessive antacids
causes: lethargy, hypotension, muscle weakness, bradycardia
