Fluids and Electrolytes

Question 1

What percentage of body fluid is made up of extracellular fluid? Name the three types that make up the fluid?

Answer 1

1/3
Intravascular fluid
interstitial fluid
transcellular ( CSF, sweat urine, pleura)

Question 2

Where is there high conc of K and Na?

Answer 2

Intracellular is where theres high conc of K
Extracellular has high conc of Na

Question 3

The physical force that controls the fluid from tissue fluid and capillaries

Answer 3

Starling force

Question 4

____ pressure pushes water/solution out
____ pressure retains water

Answer 4

hydrostatic
oncotic/ colloidal

Question 5

Edema

Answer 5

fluid buildup in the interstitial space
caused by capillary hydrostatic, oncotic

Question 6

Posterior pituitary releases ___ hormone when fluid has been lost

Answer 6

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 7

These are natriuretic peptides that are secreted by the heart when it’s in failure. The kidneys are filtering more, secreting __ and __

Answer 7

ANP,BNP
Na and water

Question 8

RAAS

Answer 8

renin, angiotensin, aldosterone
Aldosterone is the reabsorption of Na and water. and secretion of K

Question 9

Starts when theres low blood pressure, which causes juxtaglomerular cells to release ___, converting then to angiotensionogen and then ____. It then travels to the ___ and is converted to ____.

Answer 9

renin, angiotensin 1, lungs, angiotensin 2

Question 10

There are two pathways for RAAS: ____ cortex, and ____. In the cortex, ____ hormone is released causing __ to be retained. In the other pathway, vaso_____ happens to increase blood pressure

Answer 10

adrenal cortex, arterioles
aldosterone, Na
vasoconstriction

Question 11

Whats the normal osmolality of the body?

Answer 11

275-295

Question 12

Hypertonic dehydration

Answer 12

causes hyperventilation, ketoacidosis, diarrhea, fever and diabetes insipidus

Question 13

Hypotonic dehydration

Answer 13

chronic illness, renal failure, chronic malnutrition

Question 14

Hypervolemia, Other name is ,causes ___

Answer 14

isotonic over hydration, interstitial edema

Question 15

Major in extracellular
normal level is ___-___
primary dominant of plasma osmolality

Answer 15

sodium
135-145 m Eq/L

Question 16

Hyponatremia
level? caused by? manefestations?

Answer 16

NA level lower than 135 MEq/l
caused by NA loss, low intake, and dilution hyponatremia, diaphoresis, GI loss
main manefestations: lethargy, disorientation, seizures

Question 17

Hypernatremia

Answer 17

-Levels higher than 145
-caused by decreased sodium excretion , ie cushing syndrome, hyperaldoteronism
-manefestations: inc urine osmolality, seizures,tachycardia

Question 18

Potassium
Level?
which can influence the levels?

Answer 18

level: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
kidney regulates
pH, aldosterone, insuline and epinephrine (which last two makes Na/K pump work faster_

Question 19

Hyperkalemia
what is it? levels?
what disease does it happen to?

Answer 19

levels higher than 5.0 meq/l
Rare cause kidneys will excrete
K move from inside to outside
seen in Adissons disease which is a buildup of K seen in hyponatremia

Question 20

How to notice if theres hyperkalemia?

Answer 20

There will be peak T waves

Question 21

hypokalemia

Answer 21

K levels lower than 3.5
causes decrease in neuromuscular excitability

Question 22

Instead of starting at -70 the threshold, in hypokalemia it starts at _?

Answer 22

-90

Question 23

Controlled by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D increases absorption and most effective is ionized

Answer 23

calcium and phosphate

Question 24

How does PTH affect the CA and P levels?

Answer 24

It will increase Ca but will decrease P
if theres high levels of P, then the wo will precipitate

Question 25

normal level for calcium is

Answer 25

8.5-10.5 mg/dl

Question 26

hypocalcemia

Answer 26

less than 8.5 mg/dl
caused by lack of ca absorption (lactose intolerant), and renal excretion
manifestation: chvosteks sign ( twitching of face), trousseaus sign ( twitching of forearm), and tetany muscle spasms laryngospasm

Question 27

hypercalcemia

Answer 27

higher than 10.5 mg/dl
caused by inc ca intestinal absorption, decreased excretion, and incr bone resorption
signs and symptoms: incr HR, and bradycardia, renal stones, anorexia, nausea

Question 28

Phosphate

Answer 28

normal 2.5-4.5 mg/dl
affected by PTH, vitamin D3, and calcitonin

Question 29

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 29

lower than 2.5
caused by malnutrition, and inc renal excretion

Question 30

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 30

higher than 4.5 mg/dl
caused by decreased renal excretion

Question 31

Magnesium

Answer 31

intracellular
normal 1.5-2.5 mEq/l

Question 32

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 32

less than 1.5 mEq/l
causes increase in neuromuscular excitability, anorexia, malnutrition, disorientation and depression

Question 33

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 33

caused by renal failure, and excessive antacids
causes: lethargy, hypotension, muscle weakness, bradycardia