Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 > Renal pathology 1 > Flashcards

Renal pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the common congenital abnormalities of the renal abnormalities?

A

Agenesis
Hypoplasia
Horseshoe kidney
Duplex (ureter, pelvis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is kidney agenesis?

A

Absent kidney (or both kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is kidney hypoplasia?

A

Normal kidney develops but at a smaller size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is horseshoe kidney?

A

Kidneys fuse at upper or lower pole (more commonly lower pole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the prognosis of kidney agenesis of both kidneys?

A

Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Kidney agenesis can result in a characteristic facial appearance. Why?

A

diminished urine production –>
diminished amniotic fluid –>
squished nose, recessed chin & low ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What pathology can horseshoe kidney cause?

A

Obstruction (rarely)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How common are simple cysts?

A

Common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do simple cysts affect the kidney?

A

They don’t usually have a functional effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What size are simple cysts?

A

Can be large or small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When might simple cysts be secondary?

A

Long term kidney dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are simple cysts uni or bilobular?

A

Unilobular (but can have multiple cysts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are simple cysts filled with?

A

Fluid (NO blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How common is infantile type polycystic kidney disease?

A

Rare (there are varying subtypes but all are rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does infantile type polycystic kidney disease cause?

A

Terminal renal failure (may die immediately or survive for several months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is infantile type polycystic kidney disease autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive (autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are the kidneys affected in infantile polycystic kidney disease?

A

Bilateral enlargement. Maintenance of reniform shape. Dilation of medullary collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is infantile polycystic kidney disease always associated with?

A

Congenital hepatic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How common is adult polycystic kidney disease?

A

Rare (BUT least rare of all the congenital cystic diseases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is adult polycystic kidney disease autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the gene mutations of ADPCKD type 1 and type 2 respectively? Which is the most common?

A

Type 1 - chromosome 16 (most common)

Type 2 - chromosome 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does adult polycystic kidney disease present?

A

Middle aged
Abdominal mass
Haematuria
Chronic renal failure –> +/- hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are the kidneys affected in adult polycystic kidney disease?

A

Huge bilateral enlargement. Cysts of varying size cause distortion of the reniform shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are the cysts in ADPCKD found?

A

Nephron (any part)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is ADPCKD associated with?

A

Berry aneurysms at the circle of willis

26
Q

What two types of haemorrhage can be caused by ADPCKD?

A 
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (circle of willis)
Intracerebral haemorrhage (hypertension)
27
Q

What other sites might cysts caused by ADPCKD arise? What problems do they cause?

A

Liver
Pancreas
Lung

No functional problems

28
Q

List the benign renal tumours

A

Adenoma
Fibroma
Angiomyolipoma
Juxtaglomerular cell apparatus tumour (JGCT)

29
Q

Describe the features of a renal adenoma

A
30
Q

Describe the features of a renal fibroma

A

Common

Found in the medulla

31
Q

Describe the features of a renal angiomyolipoma

A

Consists of vascular, muscle and fat cells

May be multiple/bilateral

32
Q

What is renal angiomyolipoma associated with?

A

Tuberous sclerosis

33
Q

What does JGCT cause?

A

Hypertension through increased renin secretion

34
Q

List the malignant renal tumours

A

Nephroblastoma/Wilm’s tumour
Urothelial/transitional epithelial tumours
Renal cell carcinoma

35
Q

Describe the features of nephroblastoma/wilm’s tumour

A

Arises from residual primitive renal tissue

36
Q

What age group is affected by Wilm’s tumour? How common is it?

A

Children (1-10 y/o)

Commonest intra-abdominal tumour (in children)

37
Q

How might nephroblastoma present?

A

Abdominal mass

38
Q

Describe the features of renal cell carcinoma

A

Arises from renal tubular epithelium

39
Q

What other names can renal cell carcinoma go by?

A

Clear cell carcinoma
Hypernephroma
Grawitz tumour

40
Q

How common is renal cell carcinoma?

A

Commonest primary renal tumour in adults (overall rare)

41
Q

Which age group is most commonly affected by renal cell carcinoma? Which sex?

A

55-60 y/o

Males

42
Q

How might renal cell carcinoma present?

A 
Abdominal mass
Haematuria 
Flank pain
Systemic symptoms 
Paraneoplastic syndrome (hypercalcaemia, polycythemia)
43
Q

What is polycythemia? What is it often a feature off in relation to the renal system?

A

Increased red cells

Cancer (paraneoplastic)

44
Q

Where does renal cell cancer commonly spread to?

A

Renal veins & IVC

45
Q

How does renal cancer spread?

A

Haematogenously

Lymphatic spread late in disease

46
Q

Which type of renal cell carcinoma is the most common? What is unique about these types of cells?

A

Clear cell

Increased lipids and glycogen

47
Q

Which grading system is used in renal cell carcinoma?

A

Fuhrman

48
Q

Where can transitional cell carcinomas be found?

A

Anywhere along the length of the urinary system from the renal pelvis to the urethra

49
Q

Where do most transitional cell carcinomas arise?

A

Bladder

50
Q

In which age group are transitional cell carcinomas found?

A

> 50 y/o

51
Q

What are the risk factors for transitional cell carcinomas?

A 
Dyes
Rubber
Analgesics (particularly renal pelvis)
Schistosomiasis 
Smoking 
Cyclophosphamide
52
Q

What is schistosomiasis?

A

Chronic parasitic kidney infection

53
Q

How does transitional cell carcinoma commonly present?

A

Haematuria

54
Q

Where in the bladder do most transitional cell carcinomas commonly arise? What is this a risk factor for?

A 
Trigone 
Ureteric obstruction (+/- hydroureter & hydronephrosis)
55
Q

Describe the morphology of transitional cell carcinomas

A

Solid vs papillary

56
Q

Describe the grading system of transitional cell carcinomas

A

pTa - transitional cell cacner
pT1 - stromal invasion
pT2 - detrusor invasion

57
Q

What is a risk factor for the areas surrounding transitional cell carcinomas?

A

Carcinoma in situ

58
Q

How does transitional cell carcinoma spread?

A

Lymphatic (obturator, lung, liver)

59
Q

How common is transitional cell carcinoma recurrence?

A

Common - tends to be higher grade each time it reoccurs

60
Q

What is renal adenocarcinoma associated with?

A 
Extrovesion (lower abdo wall absent and bladder open)
Urachral remains (dome)
Cystitis cystica (long standing)
61
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma associated with?

A

Schistomiasis

Calculi (–> metaplasia)

62
Q

What is the commonest malignant bladder tumour in children?

A

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Year 2 (72 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions