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Year 2 > MSK histology > Flashcards

MSK histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What is the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell called?

A

Sarcolemma

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3
Q

Are skeletal muscles striated?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Are skeletal muscles branched or unbranched?

A

Unbranched

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5
Q

Are skeletal muscles multinucleate or uninucleate?

A

Multinucleate

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6
Q

Where in the skeletal muscles do the nuclei lie?

A

Peripherally

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7
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The connective tissue surrounding a muscle

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8
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

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9
Q

What do we call the connective tissue which surrounds a single muscle fibre?

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Smallest contractile elements in skeletal muscle

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11
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Structure formed when loads of sarcomeres form end to end

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12
Q

Muscle fibres are composed of what?

A

Myofibrils

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13
Q

Why does skeletal muscle appear striated?

A

Because of the alternating thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere

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14
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor neurone (nerve) and all the muscle fibres which it innervates

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15
Q

What denotes fine muscle control in relation to the motor unit?

A

The smaller the number of muscle cells that the nerve innervates the more precise the control

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16
Q

What is the synapse between motor nerves and muscle cells called?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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17
Q

Describe the three subtypes of skeletal muscle cell

A

Type I (red) - slow contracting & aerobic, many mitochondria, low force, fatigue resistant

Type IIA - intermediate of other two subtypes, relatively fast contracting and fatigue resistant

Type IIB (white) - fast contracting & anaerobic, fatigue easily, minimal mitochondria, high force

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18
Q

Which of the three skeletal muscle subtypes is the least common?

A

Type IIA

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19
Q

Describe the vasculature of cartilage

A

It’s avascular

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20
Q

How does the cartilage receive nutrients?

A

Diffusion through the extracellular matrix

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21
Q

Is bone permeable?

A

No - it’s cartilage that is permeable

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22
Q

What do we call cartilage cells?

A

Chondrocytes

23
Q

What do we call immature cartilage cells?

A

Chondroblasts

24
Q

Where are chondrocytes found within the cell?

A

Lacuna

Nb - spelling similar to laluna but this is a structure found on your nail!

25
Q

What is the major component of the extracellular matrix in cartilage?

A

Water

26
Q

What type of collagen is found in cartilage?

A

Type II

27
Q

What type of collagen is found in most connective tissues?

A

Type I

28
Q

What are the three subtypes of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

29
Q

Which is the most common subtype of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

30
Q

List some common sites where cartilage is found

A 
Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage
Growth plates
Pre-bone ossification bones are cartilage
31
Q

List some functions of bone

A 
Support
Movement 
Protection
Calcium metabolism
Haemopoiesis
32
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

Red blood cell production

33
Q

In adulthood which bones remain involved in haemopoiesis?

A

Axial skeleton

Limb girdles

34
Q

Which type of collagen is found in bone?

A

Type I

35
Q

Which type of bone morphology can be seen at the diaphysis?

A

Cortical bone

36
Q

Which type of bone morphology can be seen at the epiphysis?

A

Trabecular/cancellous

37
Q

What is the difference between cortical and trabecular bone?

A

Presence of spaces

38
Q

Is bone avascular or vascular?

A

Vascular

39
Q

What do we call bone cells?

A

Osteocytes

40
Q

Where are the osteocytes found within the bone?

A

Canals

41
Q

Name the two types of canals found within bone and the difference between them

A

Haversion canal - longitudinal

Volkman canal - horizontal

42
Q

How does bone transfer nutrients from blood from one osteocyte to the other?

A

Osteocytes possess dendritic cell processes which run in canaliculi

43
Q

What are cement lines in relation to bone?

A

Visible lines surrounding an osteon

44
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Functional unit of bone

45
Q

What cells do bone cells derive themselves from?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

46
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells which produce new bone

47
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells which reabsorb old bone

48
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Cells trapped within bone matrix

49
Q

What is the basic multicellular unit?

A

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts which participate in bone remodelling

50
Q

Describe bone remodelling briefly

A

Osteoclasts drill down into bone –>
Blood vessels form and bring osteoblasts –>
Osteoblasts begin laying down new bone in this drilled tunnel –>
Only haversion and/or volkmans canals remain

51
Q

What do osteoblasts need a good supply of to function normally?

A

Calcium

52
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Osteoblast secretion consisting of collagen, GAGs & other organic compounds which eventually becomes mineralised

53
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Bone fibres which have been laid down in a haphazard manner in response to a break within the bone

54
Q

What will woven bone eventually become?

A

Lamellar bone

Year 2 (72 decks)

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