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Year 2 > Ear disease > Flashcards

Ear disease Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tuning fork is used to test hearing?

A

512 Htz

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2
Q

Where is the tuning fork placed in rinnes test? What about in webers test?

A

Rinnes - base of tuning fork is placed on mastoid process

Webers - base of tuning fork is placed on bony prominence of the head

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3
Q

What is a pure tone audiogram used for?

A

Detecting hearing loss and differentiating between high/low frequency and conductive/sensorineural loss

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4
Q

How are the left and right ears denoted on an audiogram respectively?

A

Left - crosses

Right - circles

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5
Q

How is bone conduction denoted on an audiogram?

A

Square bracket

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6
Q

What is a tympanogram?

A

Test of pressure within the patients ear (air forced into ear)

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7
Q

What type of scope is used to examine the ear?

A

Otoscope

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8
Q

How can the common symptoms of ear disease be remembered?

A

6 D’s -

Deafness
Discomfort
Discharge
Dizziness
Din din (tinnitus) 
Defective facial movement (paralysis)
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9
Q

What classifications of deafness are there?

A

Conductive
Sensorineural
Mixed
Central

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10
Q

Where is the pathology in conductive deafness?

A

External or middle ear

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11
Q

Where is the pathology in sensorineural deafness?

A

Sensory - cochlea

Neural - auditory nerve

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12
Q

Where is the pathology in mixed deafness?

A

External/middle ear + Cochlea/auditory nerve

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13
Q

Where is the pathology in central deafness?

A

Brain

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14
Q

Which nerves can be involved in ear discomfort (earache)?

A

Trigeminal (maxillary and mandibular branches)
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

Nb - remember pain is often referred

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15
Q

What pathologies can cause discharge to come from the ear?

A

Acute otits media
Chronic otitis media
Skull fractures (cerebrospinal fluid)
Iatrogenic (surgery)

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16
Q

Into which two broad categories can dizziness be classified?

A

Central (brain)

Peripheral (ear pathology - with/without hearing loss)

17
Q

How may dizziness induced by central pathology present?

A

Dizziness + acute lisp

18
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

An abnormal sound not coming from an external source - normal in silence but abnormal when there is ambient noise

19
Q

What type of tinnitus should always be investigated?

A

Unilateral tinnitus

20
Q

How is tinnitus treated?

A

Adaptation strategies/techniques

Hearing aids

21
Q

Are facial palsies relating to the ear upper or lower motor neurone pathologies?

A

Lower most often

22
Q

How can lower and upper motor neurone pathologies be clinically differentiated?

A

Upper - bilateral palsy

Lower - unilateral palsy

23
Q

Is itch a feature of otitis externa?

A

Often

24
Q

What are rare complications of acute otitis media?

A

Brain abscess

Mastoiditis

25
Q

How is non-resolving otitis media with effusion treated?

A

Grommet insertion

Hearing aid

26
Q

Which two types of patients often get otitis media with effusion?

A

Children with cleft palate

Children with down’s syndrome

27
Q

How is chronic otitis media managed?

A

Antibiotics + myringoplasty

28
Q

What type of hearing loss does ear drum perforation cause?

A

Conductive (should resolve as ear drum heals)

29
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Keratinised squamous cell epithelium within the middle ear

30
Q

What is primary acquired cholesteatoma?

A

Cholesteatoma which arises due to perforation of the tympanic membrane (chronic otitis media)

31
Q

Why does the ear drum retract/perforate in otitis media with effusion?

A

Due to the negative pressure within the ear

32
Q

What are the types of cholesteatoma?

A

Congenital/Derlacki - SC epithelium trapped in mastoid bone during embryogenesis (conductive hearing loss as it expands, ear drum will be intact)

Primary acquired - chronic negative airway pressure causes retraction and perforation of tympanic membrane causing abnormal placement of SC

Secondary acquired - insult to the tympanic membrane (AOM, trauma, surgery, etc) causes abnormal placement of SC

33
Q

How is cholesteatoma investigated?

A

CT of temporal bone

34
Q

How is cholesteatoma managed?

A

Surgical removal

35
Q

What are the possible complications of otitis media?

A

Abscess
Facial paralysis
Thrombophlebitis
Mastoiditis

36
Q

What is a bezoids abscess?

A

Abscess in sternocledomastoid

37
Q

Cholesteatoma is locally destructive but not malignant. T/F

A

True

38
Q

Define acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion and chronic otitis media

A

AOM - acute inflammation of the middle ear

OME/glue ear - effusion in middle ear caused by negative pressure due to eustachian tube dysfunction (precede OR follow AOM)

COM - mucosal (perforation of tympanic membrane) or squamous (tympanic membrane retraction +/- cholesteatoma)

39
Q

What is otitis media with effusion associated with?

A

Parental smoking
Early entry into child care
Not breastfeeding
Feeding infants while lying down

Year 2 (72 decks)

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