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Year 2 > Renal histology > Flashcards

Renal histology Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the kidney and urinary tract

A

Maintains water and electrolyte homeostasis
Acid-base homeostasis
Excretion of toxic metabolic products
Endocrine gland producing renin and erythropoietin

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2
Q

Where do the kidneys lie with respect to the peritoneum?

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

What is the kidney capsule made of?

A

Dense collagen fibres

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4
Q

Name the contents of the renal hilum

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter

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5
Q

List the structure which come between the nephron and the bladder

A

Nephron > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > bladder

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6
Q

What are the two main layers of the kidney?

A

Cortex

Medulla

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7
Q

What lies within the medulla?

A

Renal/medullary pyramids with papillae

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8
Q

What are the renal columns? What is there function?

A

Medullary structures that lie inbetween the renal pyramids providing anchorage and pathways for vasculature

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9
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron?

A

Corpuscle

Tubules

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10
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney called?

A

Nephron

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11
Q

What are the structures of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus (capillaries)
Bowman’s capsule
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole

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12
Q

What type of cells is Bowman’s capsule composed of?

A

Squamous epithelium

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13
Q

Which two layers separate the blood from the glomerular filtrate? What are the special features of each?

A

Endothelium (fenestrated)

Podocytes (interdigitated processes form filtration slits)

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14
Q

Between the layers which separate the blood from the filtrate there is an abnormally thick structure, what is it?

A

Basal lamina

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15
Q

What do mesangial cells produce and what is there function?

A

Mesangium (connective tissue)

Support and removal of debris

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16
Q

What are the vascular and urinary poles of the corpuscle respectively?

A

Vascular pole is at the end of the corpuscle containing the capillary
Urinary pole is at the end of the corpuscle containing the tubules

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17
Q

What accumulates in bowman’s space and the tubules?

A

Urinary filtrate

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18
Q

Which type of cells line the proximal convuluted tubule and which specialised feature do they possess?

A

Columnar epithelium

Microvili (brush border)

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19
Q

Do the renal tubules possess many or few mitochondria?

A

Many

20
Q

Is the diameter of the loop of Henle thicker or thinner than that of the proximal/distal tubules?

A

Descending limb is thin

Ascending limb is thick

21
Q

What does the loop of Henle do and why?

A

Changes the osmotic pressure in the surrounding renal medulla to change urinary output

22
Q

Where are the proximal/distal tubules and loop of Henle in relation to the kidney layers?

A

Proximal/distal tubules - cortex

Loop of Henle - medulla

23
Q

Which two types of cells compose the loop of Henle?

A

Descending limb - squamous

Ascending limb - cuboidal

24
Q

What is the vasa recta and how is it arranged within the kidney?

A

Small blood vessels

Begin in cortex –> loop down into medulla –> ascend back into cortex

25
Q

Where are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules found with respect to the kidney layers?

A

Cortex

26
Q

Which cell composes the distal convoluted tubule? What feature do these cells lack?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

No microvilli

27
Q

Where are the collecting ducts found in relation to the layers of the kidney?

A

Cortex and medulla

28
Q

What are medullary rays?

A

Straight segments of the collecting ducts, proximal and distal tubules which run perpendicular to the surface of the kidney

29
Q

Which cells compose the collecting ducts?

A

Columnar epithelium

30
Q

Which two structures are associated with the collecting ducts in the medulla of the kidney?

A

Loop of Henle

Vasa recta

31
Q

What name is given to the most distal part of the collecting duct system?

A

Ducts of bellini/papillary ducts

32
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Portion of the distal convoluted tubule that loops back round to pass by the vascular pole of that same nephrons corpuscle

33
Q

Name the three structures of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Extraglomerular mesangial/lacis cells

34
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

Senses the ionic composition of the distal convoluted tubule

35
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Contain and secrete renin

36
Q

What is the function of lacis cells?

A

Unkown

37
Q

Are macula densa cells found near the afferent or efferent arteriole?

A

Afferent arteriole

38
Q

What type of cells compose the conducting portions of the urinary tract?

A

Urothelium/transitional epithelium

39
Q

Describe typical urothelium

A

Stratified

Contains domed umbrella cells

40
Q

Why is the urothelium arranged the way it is?

A

Variability in cell thickness - represents different states of distension
Thickened apical membrane (dome) - highly impermeable barrier

41
Q

The urothelium is surrounded by lamina densa and smooth muscle. T/F

A

False - lamina propria and smooth muscle

42
Q

What changes does the structure of the ureter undergo as it moves distally?

A

Thicker smooth muscle layer

Thinner connective tissue layer

43
Q

How does the epithelium of the female urethra change as it moves distally?

A

Transitional to stratified squamous distally

44
Q

How does the epithelium of the male urethra change as it moves distally?

A

Prostatic urethra - transitional
Membranous urethra - transitional to columnar
Penile urethra - columnar to stratified squamous

45
Q

Describe the histology of the prostate gland

A

Tubo-alveolar glands lined by columnar secretory epithelium

Fibromuscular stroma

46
Q

Prostatic secretions compose around half of the seminal fluid volume. T/F

A

True

Year 2 (72 decks)

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