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Year 2 > Allergy and the skin > Flashcards

Allergy and the skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

An exaggerated immune response which causes damaged to oneself

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2
Q

How can hypersensitivity be classified?

A

Type 1 - IgE mediated
Type 2 - IgG mediated cytotoxic
Type 3 - Immune complex mediated
Type 4 - Delayed cell mediated

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3
Q

What are allergic reactions?

A

Immune system response to a normally harmless substance

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4
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Substance which causes an immune reaction

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5
Q

What is the theory behind the increasing prevalence of allergy?

A

Hygiene hypothesis

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6
Q

What is the time frame of a type 1 allergic reaction?

A

Between minutes to two hours

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7
Q

What routes of exposure can cause a type 1 allergic reaction?

A

Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin contact
Injection

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8
Q

What is the main history feature of a type 1 allergic reaction?

A

Consistent reaction every time

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9
Q

What are the common ingested allergens?

A

Nuts

Seafood

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10
Q

What are the common inhaled allergens?

A

House dust mite

Pollen

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11
Q

What are the common skin contact allergens?

A

Animal dander

Latex

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12
Q

What are the common injected allergens?

A

Bee

Medication

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13
Q

How does a type 1 allergic reaction present?

A

Urticaria
Angioedema
Wheezing/asthma
Anaphylaxis

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14
Q

How does urticaria present?

A

Itchy
Wheals
Lasts 2-6 hours but less than 24 hours

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15
Q

What is angioedema?

A

Swelling of the subcutaneous tissues or mucous membranes

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16
Q

How does angioedema present?

A

Swelling
Not itchy
Non-pitting

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17
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Life threatening general or systemic hypersensitivity reaction

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18
Q

How does anaphylaxis present?

A 
Rapidly developing
Airway (oedema)
Breathing (tachypneoa)
Circulation (hypotension)
Associated skin/mucosal changes
19
Q

How is suspected type 1 hypersensitivity investigated?

A 
Specific IgE (RAST)
Skin prick
Challenge test (rare)
Serum mast cell tryptase (during anaphylaxis)
20
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of skin prick testing?

A

Cheap
Quick
Specific
Sensitive

Small anaphylaxis risk

21
Q

When would challenge testing be undertaken?

A

Skin prick testing negative

Last resort

22
Q

How is type 1 allergy managed?

A 
Avoidance
Anti-histamines
Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory)
Adrenaline autoinjector (anaphylaxis)
Sodium chromoglycate 
Immunotherapy
23
Q

What is the dose of an adrenaline autoinjector in children and adults?

A

150ug

300ug

24
Q

How many adrenaline autoinjector pens should a patient have at the one time?

A

2

25
Q

Is coeliac an allergic condition?

A

No

26
Q

Is lactose intolerance an allergic condition?

A

No

27
Q

What is the timeframe for a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Reaction occurs within 24-48 hours of exposure

28
Q

Is type 4 hypersensitivity specific to a particular antigen?

A

Yes

29
Q

Which type of cells are involved in type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

T cells

30
Q

What type of skin reaction is mediated by type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

Allergic contact dermatitis

31
Q

How do type 4 hypersensitivity skin reactions present?

A

Specific to allergen contact/exposure site/pattern

Mostly eczematous reaction

32
Q

How are type 4 hypersensitivity skin reactions investigated?

A

Patch testing

33
Q

How is a patch test carried out?

A

Allergens placed in wells
Wells applied to back and removed after 48 hours
Back is checked at 48 hours and 96 hours

If photo-allergens are suspected two wells must be done one exposed to UV and one not

34
Q

What are the three main categories of dermatitis?

A

Atopic
Irritant
Allergic

35
Q

Is irritant contact dermatitis an immunologically mediated process?

A

No

36
Q

How does irritant contact dermatitis happen?

A

Skin comes into contact with something which directly irritates, abrades or traumatises it

37
Q

How does irritant contact dermatitis present?

A

Depends on the pattern of exposure

38
Q

Give two examples of irritant contact dermatitis

A

Lip lick dermatitis

Nappy rash

39
Q

What is atopic eczema associated with?

A

Asthma

Hayfever/allergic rhinitis

40
Q

How is atopic eczema distributed?

A

Flexural

41
Q

How is psorisasis distributed?

A

Extensor

42
Q

How is irritant dermatitis managed?

A

Avoidance or modification

43
Q

How is dermatitis treated?

A

Emollients
Steroids
UV phototherapy
Immunosupressants

Year 2 (72 decks)

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