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Year 2 > Male genital tract > Flashcards

Male genital tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is erythroplasia of Queyrat? How would you describe this histologically?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (bowen’s) of the glans of the penis
Full thickness dysplasia of epidermis

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2
Q

Is invasive malignancy of the penis common?

A

No

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3
Q

Where is incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis high?

A

South America
Africa
East Asia

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4
Q

How circumcised or uncircumcised men get squamous cell carcinoma of the penis?

A

Uncircumcised

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5
Q

Name two associations of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

A

Poor hygiene

HPV infection

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6
Q

Which sites on the penis are most commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Glans

Prepuce (foreskin)

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7
Q

What are the two different morphologies of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

A

Indurated erythematous plaque

Exophytic mass

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8
Q

Is squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum associated with carcinogen exposure?

A

Yes (chimney sweeps)

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9
Q

Is benign prostatic hyperplasia common? Are symptoms common?

A

Yes, most men over 70 affected

No

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10
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Irregular proliferation of stromal and glandular prostate tissue

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11
Q

What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Androgen/oestrogen ratio imbalance causing proliferation of central prostate

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12
Q

What problems can benign prostatic hyperplasia cause?

A

Physical obstruction of urethra

Physiological interference with peri-urethral glands

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13
Q

What is prostatism?

A

Hesitancy
Overflow incontinence
Slow stream

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14
Q

What type of retention can benign prostatic hyperplasia cause?

A

Acute

Chronic

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15
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is occasionally pre malignant. T/F

A

False - not pre malignant ever

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16
Q

What complications can arise from benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Infection
Bladder hypertrophy –> diverticulum

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17
Q

How is benign prostatic hyperplasia treated?

A

Surgery (transurethral resection)

Pharmacological (alpha blockers, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors)

18
Q

How common is prostatic cancer?

A

Common (second leading cause of cancer deaths in males)

19
Q

Which age group is affected by prostatic cancer?

A

> 50 (60-80)

20
Q

There is decreased risk of prostatic cancer but increased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia if a 1st degree relative is affected with prostatic cancer at a young age. T/F

A

False - inc risk of cancer and no correlation to BPH

21
Q

Where in the prostate does prostatic cancer most commonly present?

A

Peripheral (particularly posterior lobe)

Nb - central gland only affected in late stage cancer

22
Q

What is latent prostate cancer?

A

Cancer found incidentally which has not began to cause clinical problems

23
Q

How does prostate cancer spread?

A

Local - seminal vesicles, bladder, rectum, capsular penetration & urethral obstruction

Lymph - sacral, iliac, para-aortic nodes

Blood - bone (osteosclerotic) in lumbosacral region, lungs, liver

24
Q

How common is metastatic spread/locally advanced prostatic disease at presentation?

A

Very common

25
Q

How is carcinoma of the prostate diagnosed?

A

Rectal exam
USS, skeletal x-ray, bone scan
Prostate specific antigen (not always present)
TUR (transurethral resection)
Multiple, needle core biopsies guided by ultrasound

26
Q

How is carcinoma of the prostate managed?

A

Hormone therapy (anti-androgen, oestrogen, cyproterone)
Radiotherapy for bone mets
Surgery (radical protatectomy)

27
Q

How common are testicular tumours?

A

Uncommon (commonest solid organ malignancy in young males)

28
Q

What is a huge risk factor for testicular tumours?

A

Testicular maldescent

29
Q

How do testicular tumours present?

A

Painless testicular enlargement +/-

  • hydrocele
  • gynecomastia
  • systemic symptoms
30
Q

List the different types of testicular tumours

A

Germ cell (seminoma, teratoma)
Lymphoma
Stromal tumour
Metastases

31
Q

List the different types of paratesticular tumours

A

adenomatoid

sarcoma

32
Q

What is the commonest type of testicular tumour?

A

Seminoma “potato tumour”

33
Q

Who gets seminomas?

A

30-50 y/o (rare before puberty)

34
Q

What are the two types of seminoma?

A

Spermatocytic

Anaplastic

35
Q

How does seminoma spread?

A

Lymph - para-aortic

Blood - liver & lungs

36
Q

How is seminoma treated? What are the cure rates?

A

Radiotherapy.

High

37
Q

Who gets teratoma?

A

20-30 y/o (can occur in childhood)

38
Q

List the different types of teratoma

A

Differentiated
Malignant intermediate
Malignant undifferentiated
Malignant trophoblastic

39
Q

What is a mixed serinoma/teratoma?

A

Exactly what it sounds like

40
Q

What tumour markers can be used for testicular tumours?

A

bHCG - trophoblastic
AFP - yolk sac
PLAP - seminoma

Year 2 (72 decks)

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