Renal Path, Repro Drugs, Neuro Odd ends Flashcards by Aaron Sircy

What disease is this via urine specimen?

Crohn’s Disease

Calcium stone, hypocitaturia

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What bacteria causes this stone?

Proteus Mirabilis

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Klebsiella

Struvite or Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate

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What disease can cause this stone, what is the treatment?

Gout, give allopurinol, alkalize urine

Uric Acid

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What disease can cause this?

What three things are there a defect in reabsorbing?

Cystine reabsorbing PCT transporter, Fanconi Syndrome, Cystine issues

Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine

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Where does this carcinoma orginate from?

Wha is the immunotherapy?

PCT

aldesleukin stops IL-2

Renal Cell Carcinoma

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Where does this benign epithelial cell tumor arise from?

What is seen in the path stain?

Collecting Ducts

Large eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria without perinuclear clearing

Renal Oncocytoma

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Wilms tumor

Aniridia (absence of iris)

Genitourinary malformations

Mental Retardation

What is the disease or chromosome deletion?

WT1 deletion, chromosome 11

WAGR

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Wilms tumor

early onset nephrotic syndrome

male pseudohermaphroditism

Located where?

What am I?

Denys Drash

WT1 mutation Chromosome 11

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Wilms Tumor

Macroglossia

Organomegaly

Hemihyperplasia

Neonatal hypoglycemia

What am I?

What is the chromosome deletion?

WT-2 Chromosome 11

Beckwith-Wiedemann

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Painless hematuria, no casts, what could I be?

Transtional Cell Carcinoma

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Associated with phenacetin, smoking, aniline, and cyclophosphamide

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

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Why does adenocarcinoma of bladder happen?

urachal remnant, cystitis gland, and estrophy of lower bladder

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Squamous Cell carcinoma of the bladder is caused by what?

Schistosoma haematobium, chronic cystitis, smoking, chronic nephrolithiasis, painless hematuria

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What two flavors of this carcinoma are there?

Flat –> mutations in p53

Papillary –> low grade to high grade

Urothelial Carcinoma

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What differentiates UTI vs pyelonephritis generally?

UTI has no fever

pyelonephritis has a fever

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What is one way that we can have thyrodization of the kidney?

chronic pyelonephritis

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What disease is grossly orange nodules that can mimic tumor nodules; characterized by widespread kiney damage due to granulomatous tissue containing foamy macrophages?

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

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What renal disease causes a subperioseal thinning of bones?

Renal Osteodystrophy

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What has brown casts in the urine, can cause metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia?

acute tubular necrosis

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What is this patient at an increased risk thereof?

Berry aneuryms, MVP, benign Hepatic cysts

PKD1 and PKD2, adults

AD PKD

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What is this?

Where are the cysts coming from?

What is the main side effect to worry about?

AR PKD

Dilation of collecting ducts

Significant oliguric renal failure

hepatic fibrosis, cysts in the liver

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Simple Cysts are asymmptomatic, complex cysts have an increased risk of what?

Renal Cell Carcinoma

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Medullary Cystic disease is due to cysts being formed where?

What will they show up as on an echo?

medullary collecting duct

shrunken kidneys on an echo

Angiomyolipoma causes hamartomas that are harmless, what is the overall risk and what disease could they potentially show up from?

risk of causing a hemorrhage

Tuberous sclerosis

What disease show up with renal cell carcinoma, chromosome 3?

Von Hippel Lindau syndrome

What gene is involved and allows the brain to split into two hemispheres? What is the problem with the mutation, what medical problem eventually happens?

Sonic hedgehog gene Holoprosencephaly

What gene is required to make the apical ectodermal ridge, thickened ectoderm at the distal end of each developing limb?

Wnt-7 gene dorsal-ventral axis

What is produced at the apical ectodermal ridge, stimulates mitosis of the underlying mesoderm, lengthens the limbs?

FGF gene

What is the segmental organization of embryo in a craniocaudal direction, codes for transcription factors?

Hox gene There are appendages in the wrong locations

Who has LOS name four bacteria?

N. Meningitis N. Gonnorhea H. Influenza B. Pertussis

What is the first line drug for nocturnal enuresis?

imipramine

What is the alpha 2 antagonist of the week?

Mirtazipine

What drug treats bipolar disorder, seizures at the same time? What does it inhibit?

Valproic Acid GABA transaminase

What is used for migraine prevention that is no Sumatriptan, blocks Na channels?

Topiramate

What does Tiagabine do? What does Vigabatrin do?

Tie on car lift, inhibits GABA reuptake Increases GABA but blocking GABA transaminase

Embroyo clefts are from what? Embroyo arches are from what?

ectoderm mesoderm and neural crest

What are the embyro pouches made from?

endoderm

When it comes to babies: What age is calculated from date of last menstrual period? What age is calculated from date of conception?

Gestational age Embryonic age (gestational age minus 2 weeks)

What are the two things that can cause male breast cancer?

Klinefelter and BRCA2

Ketamine and Barbituates which one increases or decreases cerebral blood flow?

Ketamine: increases blood flow Barbituates: decrease blood flow

What blocks the reuptake of serotonin, norepi, and is a weak opiod agonist?

Tramadol

What drug blocks NMDA antagonist for Parkinson's Disease?

memantine

What treats ADHD, sketchy has the kid under the dock? What treats ADHD, sketchy has the kid in the boat?

atomoxetine amphetamines, "friend date", treat ADHD, methylphenidate

What are mifepristone with misoprostol used for? What is ulipristal used for?

competive inhibitors of progestins at progesterone receptors: terminate the pregnancy Emergency Contraception

What does anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane are all for what?

Aromatase inhibitors ER+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women

What is a direct arteriolar vasodilator and fixes androgenetic alopeica?

Minoxidil

What is a PDE-5 inhibitor that increases cGMP that helps with BPH only?

Tadalafil

What is a nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor at androgen receptors? This is used to treat prostatic carcinoma

Flutamide

PNS neurons and Schwann Cells are from what embryo origin? Astrocytes are from what embryo origin?

Neural Crest Cells Neural Tube

What disease is the lack of neuronal migration resulting in a smooth brain, no sulci and gyri?

Lissencephaly

Acetylcholine is made in what area of the brain? Elevated amounts are seen in what disease?

Basal Nucleus of Meynert Parkinson Disease

What is area of Dopamine Synthesis?

Ventral Tegmentum, SNc

What area is GABA made in?

Nucleus Accumbens

What area of the brain is Norepinephrine made in? What part of the brain stem is bad?

Locus Ceruleus Pons

What are of the brain is Serotonin made? What area of the brain stem is this?

Raphe Nucleus Medulla

Mesoderm defects are a VACTERL pattern, fill in the rest V: Vertebrae A: Anal Atresia C: Cardiac Defects T: ? R: ? L: ?

T: Tracheal-Esophageal Fistula R: Renal Defects L: Limb Defects