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Aaron-Exit: Championship Rounds > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha amanitin is what?

A

found in mushrooms, inhibits RNA polymerase II

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2
Q

What is Lyonization?

A

female carriers variably affected depending on the pattern of inactivation of the X chromosome carrying the mutant vs normal gene

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3
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis patients are at an increased risk of getting what?

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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4
Q

What is the path issue with Hurthle cells? How does the thyroid feel?

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis Non tender

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5
Q

A kid with a big tongue and an umbilical hernia, not to mention mental impairment is what?

A

Cretinism, hypothyroidism

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6
Q

What is Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain), usually caused by?

Is the thyroid painful?

A

Viral Infection

very tender thyroid

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7
Q

Riedel Thyroiditis mimics what due to its rock hard fibrosis?

Is the thyroid painful?

A

anaplastic carcinoma, has an IgG4 related systemic disease

painless goiter

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8
Q

Papillary carcinoma, has what path buzz phrase?

What are the main causes?

A

empty appearing nuclei with central clearing (orphan annie eyes)

psammoma bodies (Tall cell variant, follicular hyperplasia lined by tall epithelial cells)

childhood irradiation

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9
Q

Follicular Carcinoma is DDX from an adenoma based on what?

What is the genetic mutation?

A

invades thyroid capsule and vasculature

Pax-8, PPAR-gamma issues, RAS mutation

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10
Q

What is in the medullary carcinoma path buzz phrase?

What does it produce?

A

amyloid –> congo red RET mutations in the MEN 2A and 2B remember amyloid is polygonal or spindle cell activation

produces calcitonin

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11
Q

What is undifferentiated/anaplastic carcinoma path findings? What is the DDX?

What is the go to gene mutation?

A

spindle cell and Giant cell differentiation Reidel’s Thyroiditis

p53

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14
Q

What part of the kidney is particularly worrisome with Diabetes Melitus?

A

Renal efferent arteriosclerosis

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15
Q

When we are undergoing DKA, what is one lab value to look at?

A

phosphate

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16
Q

Thyroid and parafollicular cells, C cells make calcitonin, where are they derived from?

A

endoderm

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17
Q

Basophils are what hormones?

Acidophils are what hormones?

A

Basophils: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

Acidophils: GH, and PRL

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18
Q

What is hypothyroidism has granulomatous inflammation, mixed cellular infiltration with occasional multinucleated giant cells?

Painful or Non-painful?

A

Subactue Granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain)

Painful

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19
Q

Thyroid, histo of tall, crowded follicular epithelial cells; scalloped colloid?

A

Graves Disease

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20
Q

What is focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells distended with colloid working independently of TSH?

A

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

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21
Q

If I have cold nodules what do I have?

A

Carcinoma, adenoma

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22
Q

Endocrine

AD

Bad G(s) Subunit

Mother imprinting

Shortened 5th digit

High PTH, low Calcium

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

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23
Q

Defective G-coupled Ca2+ sensing receptors in multiple tissues, higher than normal Ca, required to suppress PTH, mild hypercalcemia and hypocalciuria, elevated PTH

A

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

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24
Q

Adrenal Cortex is from what embryological structure? Adrenal Medulla is from what embryological structure?

A

Adrenal Cortex: mesoderm

Medulla: neural crest

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25
Q

Where is the anterior pituitary gland derived from? Where is the posterior pituitary gland derived from?

A

Rathke Pouch: oral ectoderm –> anterior pituitary

Derived from the neuroectoderm –> posterior pituitary

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26
Q

What hormone does squamous cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma?

A

PTH-related peptide

27
What is the path issue with Hurthle cells? How does the thyroid feel?
Hashimoto Thyroiditis Non tender
28
Amiodarone can cause what?
hyperthyroidism
29
Papillary carcinoma, has what path buzz phrase? What are the main causes?
empty appearing nuclei with central clearing (orphan annie eyes) psammoma bodies childhood irradiation (Tall cell variant, follicular hyperplasia lined by tall epithelial cells
30
Follicular Carcinoma is DDX from an adenoma based on what? What is the gene mutation?
invades thyroid capsule and vasculature, RAS mutation Pax-8, PPAR-gamma issues
31
What is in the medullary carcinoma path buzz phrase?What does it produce?
amyloid --\> congo red RET mutations in the MEN 2A and 2B remember amyloid is polygonal or spindle cell activation something calcitonin
34
When we are undergoing DKA, what is one lab value to look at?
phosphate
35
What thing is bad with Acanthosis Nigricans?
Insulin Resistance
36
What amino acid is responsible for HbA1c glycation?
valine
37
What test, though appealing, cannot tell the difference between an adenoma or cancer?
Fine Needle Aspiration
38
Neuroblastoma stains positive for what two things?
NSE and Bombesin
39
Wilms tumor vs Neuroblastoma both affect kids, which is which?
Wilms doesnt cross the midline Neuroblastoma crosses the midline, has Homer Wright Rossetes
40
Nelson syndrome is what?
Removal of the adrenal glands, and a pituitary adenoma forms due to a lack of negative feedback
41
Small Cell Lung Cancer can secrete what hormone that can cause problems with urination or blood pressure?
ADH exogenous
42
What is the whipple triad?
low blood glucose symptoms of hypoglycemia resolution of symptoms seen in insulinoma
43
Basophils are what hormones? Acidophils are what hormones?
Basophils: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH Acidophils: GH, and PRL
44
What drug is a synthetic analog of aldosterone that is used in primary adrenal insufficiency?
Fludrocortisone
45
After a woman has a child, what is the histology of her thyroid?
lymphocytic infiltrate with occasional germinal center formation Postpartum thyroiditis
46
What is hypothyroidism has granulomatous inflammation, mixed cellular infiltration with occasional multinucleated giant cells? Painful or Non-painful?
Subactue Granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain) Painful
47
What disease is the thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue with inflammaotry infiltrate, mimics anaplastic carcinoma?
Riedel Thyroiditis
48
What is focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells distended with colloid working independently of TSH?
Toxic Multinodular Goiter
49
If I have cold nodules what do I have?
Carcinoma, adenoma
50
Endocrine AD Bad G(s) Subunit Mother imprinting Shortened 5th digit High PTH, low Calcium What are both names?
Pseudohypoparathyroidism or Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy End Organ PTH resistance
51
Endocrine AD Bad G(s) alpha unit Dad imprinting no shortened digit Normal PTH/Normal Calcium
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, no PTH end organ resistance
52
What is the ADH anatagonist that treats SIADH?
Demeclocycline
53
What disease am I? Pituitary Tumors (Prolactin and GH) Pancreastic Endocriine Tumors (Z-E Syndrome, VIPomas) Parathyroid Adeonomas
MEN1
54
What disease am I? What is the gene mutation? Parathyroid Hyperplasia Medullary Thryoid Carcinoma (Increased Calcitonin) Pheochromocytoma (secretes catecholamines)
MEN 2A RET gene mutation, bad tyrosine kinase
55
What is the the disease? What is the gene mutaiton? Pheochromocytoma (secretes catecholamines) Mucosal Neuromas (oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis) Marfanoid Habitus
MEN 2B RET gene, bad tyrosine kinase
56
What is the GHRH analog?
Tesamorelin
57
Autoimmune pancreatitis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Non-infectious Aortitis This triad is married to what endocrine (hypothyroid) issue?
Riedel Thyroiditis
58
What is Follicle with lymphocytic infiltrate and germinal center formation?
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
59
Mixed cellular infiltration with occasional multi-nucleated giant cells? (non-caseating granulomas, to some ppl)
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
60
What is lymphocytic infiltration of retroorbital space, activates T cells?
Graves Disease
61
What is undifferentiated/anaplastic carcinoma histology?
Spindle cells and focal necrosis
62
What is another name for ergocalciferol?
Vitamin D2

Aaron-Exit: Championship Rounds (27 decks)

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