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test 5 > Renal histology 43 > Flashcards

Renal histology 43 Flashcards

1
Q

the proximal straight tubule is also called_________

A

thick descending portion of loop of henle

job of this is to recover whatever wasn’t absorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

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2
Q

Where its he proximal straight tubule found?

A

medullary ray of the cortex and outer medulla

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3
Q

compare the cells of proximal straight tubule to Proximal convoluted tubule

A

shorter cells than proximal convoluted tubules with poorly developed brush border and less complex basolateral and lateral interdigitations than the PCTs

-fewer and smaller mitochondria scattered throughout the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Where is the thin segment of the loop of Henle found?

SLIDE 7 what is the epithelium?

A
  • nuclei bulges into lumen
    longer in the juxtamedullary nephrons and are found in the inner medulla
  • 4 segments based on shape, contents of organelles, depth of tight junctions, and water permeability

thin simple squamous in both ascending and descending limbs in short nerphrons

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5
Q

What is vasa recta in the kidney for?

A

countercurrent exchange=

we want to keep medulla in state of hyperosmolarity.

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6
Q

Functions of vasa recta as a countercurrent exchange system

SLIDE 9

A
  • remember vasa recta has blood cells inside

-arteriole and venule rectae form loops parallel to the loop of Henle ( fenestrated capillaries)
- Help maintain osmotic gradient in the interstitium
-hypertonic interstitial
causes loss of water from the arterioles as they descend into medulla
movement of water into the venules as they ascend

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7
Q

where is the distal straight tubule found?

SLIDE 11

A

thick ascending limb; medullary ray of the cortex. found in outer medulla

shorter cells with blunted brush border and less complex basolateral and lateral interdigitations

smaller cells with less mitochondria scattered throughout the cytoplasm

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8
Q

what is another name for the distal straight tubule of Henle?

A

thick ascending limb

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the distal straight tubule of the loop of Henle?

SLIDE12
look at diff of straight ascending and straight descending on slide 13

A

this is in the cortex, it contains renal corpuscles and that’s only in the cortex, it Is found at the medullary rays.

  • cortex part found in the medullary rays
  • transports ions form the lumen of the tubule to the interstitium via mainly active transport
  • Reabsorption of other ions Ca2+ and Mg2+

alot of sodium postassium atpase pumps near interdigitations, little mitochondria

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10
Q

describe the distal convoluted tubule

SLIDE 15

compare histo of slide 14 between distal convoluted tubule and proximal convoluted tubule

A

very short, starts at the macula dense and ends at the connecting tubule

  • less numerous profile in sections as it is 1/3 the length of PCT
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
    smaller cells therefore more nuclei visible
    less adcidophilic cytoplasm
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11
Q

functions of distal convoluted tubule

SLIDE 15

A
  • fewer and shorter/blunted microvilli and extensive basal folds
  • apically placed nucleus
Functions:
- Reabsorption; 
Na+ and secretion of K+
bicarbonate and secretion of H+
- secretion of ammonium
- parathyroid regulated Ca2+ reabsorption
-relatively impermeable to water
- highest Na/K ATPase activity.
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12
Q

Where is the macula densa located?

SLIDE 16/18

A

located at the distal straight tubule vascular pole forms part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus which regulates blood pressure.

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13
Q

what is the function of macula densa?

SLIDE 16

A

regulates blood pressure, modified cells of the distal straight tubule,

it sense changes in Na+ concentration within the lumen of the distal tubule and sends the signals to the juxtaglomerular cells ( modified smooth muscle cells) located in afferent arterioles

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14
Q

How does macula densa help regulate blood pressure?

A

osmoreceptors

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15
Q

How does the kidney help regulate blood pressure?

A

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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16
Q

what are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

what are their jobs?

A

I= Macula densa

II= Extraglomerular mesangial cells ( Lacis and Polkissen cells) ( these are diff names for the same thing== responsible for communication between macula densa and JG cells ( juxtaglomerular cells)

III= Juxtaglomerular cells (JG)

  • modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
  • Produce renin that cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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17
Q

what does the activation of angiotensin II stimulate?

A

vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex, aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of Na, and secretion oof K+ by connecting tubules and collecting ducts.

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18
Q

The vasa recta and the thin loop of henle are found where?

A

the inner medulla

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19
Q

Are there thick limbs of henle in the inner medulla? SLIDe 10

A

nope

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20
Q

A tubular structure with apically located nuclei and cuboidal epithelium with blunted brush border, what tubular structure is it?

A- proximal convoluted tubule
B-renal corpuscle
C thin ascending
D-Distal convoluted 
Et- think descending
A

Answer is D=

A has well developed brush border and also cuboidal

21
Q

what occurs if there is a low blood volume entering the renal corpuscle entering the afferent arteriole?

A

it activates JG cells that regulate blood pressure

22
Q

What occurs if we have a low sodium concentration at the distal straight tubule sensed by the macula densa what occurs?

A

the extraglomerular cells signal the JG cells and angiotensin is activated.

23
Q

Describe the path for an increase in blood pressure with angiotensin II

this is slide 20

A

in the liver angiotensinogen exists and then it is changed to angiotensin 1

In the lungs angiotensin 1 turns to angiotensin 2 via the ACE enzyme

Then at the cortex of the adrenal gland angiotensin 2 turns into aldosterone.

then aldosterone causes kidney reabsorption of sodium, and secretion of K+ by connecting tubules and collecting ducts. the blood pressure increases like this

all this causes vasoconstriction as well

24
Q

what is the job of the connecting tubules?

A

it connects the DCT to cortical collecting duct

aldosterone can affect this too because it secretes K+ into lumen

25
Q

where is the cortical collecting duct found?

SLIDE 23

A

it is part of the medullary rays of the cortex

26
Q

Cortical collecting duct: what is it and what epithelium?

A

is in medullary rays/ pars rects, connecting tubules lead to cortical collecting duct

all nephrons in a renal lobule drain into one cortical collecting duct.

Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent cell boundaries.

  • the diameter of this duct greatly increases as it enters the medulla
27
Q

what is the job of the cortical collecting duct?

SLIDE 23

A

determines final urine osmolality by managing water reabsorption,
also site of urine reabsorption…

cuboidal

28
Q

what is the difference between the cortical collecting duct and medullary collecting duct?

A

the lumen of the medullary collecting duct is a lot larger.

29
Q

what are merged medullary collecting ducts called?

A

papillary ducts of Bellini

30
Q

what is significant about the medullary collecting duct’s epithelium?

A

the medulla goes from simple cuboidal and transitions to simple columnar epithelium

31
Q

what are the two cells found in the collecting ducts?

A

light/ principal cells

and

Dark/intercalated cells

32
Q

what are light/principal cells found in collecting ducts?

A
  • most abundant cells/ pale staining
  • true basal infoldings
  • Single primary ciclium: short scattered microvilli
  • Abundant ADH regulated Aquaporins ( AQP-2) channels ( this gives the permeability of water to the collecting ducts)
33
Q

what are Dark or intercalated cells found in collecting ducts?

A
  • fewer than light/ principle cells
  • not present in the inner medulla
  • Microvilli and microplicae at apical cytoplasm
  • Secretion of H+ or bicarbonate/ function in acid base balance of kidney

have a lot of mitochondria at basal side the have a lot of interdigitations..

alpha-intercalated cells= H+ secretion

beta- intercalated= bicarbonate

34
Q

Principle cells/light cells line the collecting duct of the _____ medulla

A

inner

35
Q

where does Bellini open into?

SLIDE 28

A

empties at area cribosa at the apex of a renal papilla

36
Q

what is the first location where you can see transitional epithelium?

A

minor calyx

37
Q

What is the Renal interstitium? what cell types are found there?

A

the connective tissue of the kidney
- surrounds the nephron and neurovasculature

Cell types: fibroblasts, mononuclear cells

Medullary interstitium= resemble myofibroblasts present along descending vasa recta

38
Q

What senses sodium concentration?

A

macula densa vascular pole sense changes Na

39
Q

what does secretion of PGE2?

A

enotholelial cells

40
Q

what releases renin?

A

JG cells

41
Q

what does secretion of ECM?

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

42
Q

what are the excretory passages for? what does it include? what are the features of the passages?

A
  • transit and storage of urine
  • minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra

features:

  • mucosa
  • muscularis
  • adventitia
43
Q

Describe the three layers of cells in the transitional epithelium

A

superficial:
single layer of dome shaped
( umbrella cells)
- shape of cell depends on the filling state
a lot of tight junctions
impermeable to urine, because the urine has a lot of toxins here
- eurothelial plaques= europlakin

Intermediate layer:
pear shaped cells– abundant desmosomes; gives them ability to slide across each other

Basal layer: stem cells

44
Q

special modifications of superficial cells of Urothelium

A

urothelial plaques: on the apical surface ( contains crystalline uroplakin which contributes to permeability barrier
- Apical scalloped surface covered by the uroplakin
-Flattened elliptical vesicles
fusiform vesicles

45
Q

what is a ureter?

A

the conduit between renal pelvis and urinary bladder

46
Q

what are the parts of the ureter?

A

1- Mucosa
Urothelium +lamina propia

2- Muscularis— 3 layers of Smooth muscle

  • inner longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal ( only present in distal ends)

contraction of these muscles produces peristaltic waves

  1. Adventitia
47
Q

what is the urethra?

A

-conveys urine form the bladder to be evacuated outside

48
Q

what are the segments of the male urethra?

A

prostatic: transitional epithelium

Membranous: transitional epithelium

spongy: transitional epithelium except fossa naviculars because it is lined by stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

describe the female urethra

A

short. high risk of urinary infections…

initial part: transitional epithelium

terminal part: stratified squamous

test 5 (27 decks)

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