Lung function 1, 2 and 3

Question 1

The angiotensin converting enzyme in the respiratory system converts angiotensin I to what?

Answer 1

angiotensin II

Question 2

What does angiotensin II do?

Answer 2

it is a potent vasoconstrictor that regulates blood pressure

Question 3

What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

• it conducts air to and from the respiratory zone.
• Airflow to and out of lungs ( nose to terminal bronchioles)\
• Heat, hydrate and clean the air
• Heat exchange, water vapor pressure equilibration, and remove particulate load
• mucociliary clearance.

Question 4

what is the respiratory zone in the lungs?

Answer 4

• important for gas exchange
• End of respiratory tree ( respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
• Gas- exchange surface
• epithelial layer and an extracellular matrix
• Surrounded by capillaries.

Question 5

In the conducting zone what kind of flow exists?

Answer 5

bulk flow: air moves into lung during inspiration towards alveoli with bulk flow and then from the respiratory zone to environment via bulk flow. uses a pressure gradient.

Question 6

In the respiratory zone, alveoli gas moves across the alveolar capillary membrane by…?

Answer 6

diffusion
oxygen moves from alveoli in high concentration to the blood where it is in low concentration.

carbon dioxide moves from blood stream in high concentration to the alveoli where it is in low concentration

Question 7

what is the difference between bulk flow and diffusion?

Answer 7

bulk flow= different gas particles moving along a pressure gradient

diffusion= individual particles moving along a concentration gradient.

Question 8

what does Fick’s law look at /

Answer 8

the rate of gas diffusion.
rate of gas diffusion= diffusion coefficient times surface area available for gas exchange/ diffusion barrier thickness ( pressure difference)
V gas= D A/t (P1-P2)
LOOK AT WALL.

Question 9

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 9

alveoli (75m^2)

Question 10

what is the most extensive network of capillaries in the body?

Answer 10

pulmonary circulation

Question 11

With a large surface area in Fick’s law, what is said about gas exchange?

Answer 11

there will be a large rate

Question 12

The rate of gas diffusion in fick’s law is _________ proportional to the diffusion barrier thickness

Answer 12

V gas= D A/t (P1-P2)

t= diffusion barrier thickness and here you can see it is indirectly proportional. to the rate of gas diffusion.

Question 13

what track does oxygen have to take to drivefrom alveoli to blood stream?

Answer 13

1. thin surface fluid that lines the alveoli
2. then alveolar epithelium cells ( type 1 pneumocytes) plus associated basement membrane
3. Thin layer of interstitial fluid
4. Pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, plus associated basement membrane
5. blood stream where it binds to hemoglobin

Question 14

What do type 1 pneumocytes/ alveolar cells make up?

Answer 14

make up alveolar wall and occupy most of the surface area

Question 15

what do type 2 pmneumocytes/ alveolar clells make? What does surfectant do to surface tension in alveoli and lung compliance?

Answer 15

surfactant: important for reducing surface tension in alveoli and increase lung compliance.

compliance= ability to distend= important to accommodate air..
surfactant keeps lung dry and prevents pulmonary edema

main component is dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Question 16

Airway generation tree 0-16 represents what zone?

Answer 16

conducting zone

Question 17

what do zone 0, 1, 2, 16 represent in the conducting zone? what kind of epithelium is found here?

Answer 17

0 The trachea, 1 bronchi, 2 and 16 are the bronchioles..
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
-the goblet cells make mucous
-have glands here/ make fluid to hydrate air
-cartilage maintain patency of airway
-alot more cilia
- have smooth muscle
- elastic fibers
bulk flow/heating hair/hidrating/cleaning it

Question 18

what numbers represent the transitional/ respiratory zone?

Answer 18

17-23

Question 19

what do 17, 19, 20, 22, and 23 represent in the transitional respiratory zone?

Answer 19

17 and 19- Respiratory bronchioles
20 and 22 Alveolar ducts
23 Alveoli

epithelium is thinner= simple squamous created by type 1 alveolar cells ( wall of alveoli)= increased gas diffusion cus of thinner walls.

• no cilia
• only see smooth muscle in both
• elastic fibers in both

Question 20

what are some disease that effect the conducting zone?

Answer 20

airflow is affected; affected;obstruction
ventilation problems/ flow velocity problems,

asthma, COPD, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis ( viscous mucous)

Question 21

what are some disease that affect the respiratory zone?

Answer 21

gas exchange is affected. The alveoli/lung/parenchyma

Gas exchange problems present with volume problems

Pulmonary fibrosis= hardening of the wall of the alveoli (including pneumocniosis) hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pneumonia

Question 22

What is affected by smoking?

Answer 22

cilia, it affects the movement of mucous that traps foreign particles

Question 23

what are serous cells important for?

Answer 23

hydrating the air and ensuring that the mucous is at the right level of viscosity.

Question 24

how is someone with ciliay dyskinesia affected?

Answer 24

they will not be able to move the cilia towards the oralpharaynx

Question 25

in what disease is mucous too viscous?

Answer 25

in cystic fibrosis

Question 26

What is the clinical correlation of chronic bronchitis?

Answer 26

• inflammation of bronchi
• common from cigarette smoking
• number of goblet cells might increase and mucous glands may hypertrophy
• cilia movement is impeded
• increased mucous gland secretion and increased viscosity of mucus leads to coughing and obstruction.
• a cough with sputum expectoration for at least 3 months a year during a period of 2 consecutive years.

Question 27

what is included in the superior structure of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 27

ribs and muscles of chest wall

Question 28

what is in the most inferior structure of thoracic cavity?

Answer 28

diaphragm

Question 29

More inward in the thoracic cavity is the pleura, what are the two membranes associated with it?

Answer 29

visceral= associated with lung
in between this is the pleural space.
parietal= associated with chest wall

Question 30

what is inside the pleura ?

Answer 30

the lungs

Question 31

what occurs when the diaphragm contracts?

Answer 31

it moves down during inspiration opening a space

Question 32

what occurs when the diaphragm relaxes?

Answer 32

this occurs during expiration, it relaxes and moves upward

Question 33

what law indicates the relationship between pressure and volume?

Answer 33

Boyle’s law

Question 34

At constant temperature, as pressure increases volume what?

Answer 34

decreases

Question 35

what does Charles law show?

Answer 35

relationship between volume and temperature in an ideal gas where the pressure is constant

Question 36

what is the Charle’s law equation?

Answer 36

V1/T1=V2/T2

Question 37

As temperature increases, the volume of the gasses…?

Answer 37

also increases

Question 38

what is atmospheric pressure?

Answer 38

760 mm Hg

Question 39

when the air pressure in the alveoli gets lower than the atmosphere, what occurs?

Answer 39

air moves from the environment into the alveoli

ex= Inspiration the pressure of alveoli in the lungs is -1 and the atomospheric pressure is 0 and you breath in

If the opposite is true, more alveolar pressure, than the lungs alveoli have +1 and the atmosphere has 0 at expiration

Question 40

why does airflow?

Answer 40

because of pressure gradients.

Question 41

what are the muscles involved in inspiration?

Answer 41

Diaphragm, external intercostal, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis muscles, serrates anterior, Latissimus dorsi

Question 42

what are the muscles involved in expiration?

Answer 42

Internal intercostal, Innermost Intercostal, Rectus abdominis, Transverse oblique, internal oblique.