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test 5 > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main objective of glycolysis?

A

generation of ATP

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2
Q

where are glycolytic enzymes found?

A

in the cytosol

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3
Q

tissues of the eye and RBCs can only obtain their ATP from where?

A

glycolysis

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4
Q

recite glycolysis with the enzymes. what are the mnemonics you like?

A

good golly father Franklin did go by picking pumpkins to prepare pies

enzymes: hungry Peter Pan and giring pink panther eat pies

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5
Q

what are the energy investment phases of glycolysis?

A

glucose—glucose 6 phosphate

fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

enzymes= hexokinase/glucokinase

PFK1

paid 2 atp

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6
Q

What is the energy generation phase?

A

2 NADH formed after G3P

at enzymes: g3p (NADH)
dehydrogenase
phosphoglycerate kinase ATP
pyruvate kinase ATP

ATP formed after bisphosphoglycerate

ATP formed after phosphoenolpyruvate

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7
Q

what are the three irreversible enzymes of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase/glucokinase, PFK1 and pyruvate kinase

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8
Q

what enzyme turns DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate into G3P?

A

trios phosphate isomerase

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9
Q

How many pyruvate as a result of glycolysis?

A

2 3 carbon molecules

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10
Q

what steps have substrate level phosphorylation?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase

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11
Q

what enzyme turns pyruvate to acetyl coa?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase in mitochondria in aerobic glycolysis goes to TCA cycle

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12
Q

what enzyme turns pyruvate to lactate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase in anaerobic glycolysis in cytosol and goes to liver via cori cycle

in tissues with no mitochondria like RBC and eye

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13
Q

In the liver what enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate?

A

pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis in the liver.

occurs in mitochondria

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14
Q

What enzyme turns NADH made by G3P dehydrogenase into NAD+?

A

NADH–NAD
this NAD is used at
Pyruvate __lactate dehydrogenase____ make lactate

in RBC and skeletal muscle

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15
Q

the conversion of pyruvate to lactate depends on what cofactor?

A

NADH

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16
Q

when there is cardiac muscle hypoxia what does it produce?

A

lactate= myocardial infarction sign

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17
Q

what is cori cycle?

A

lactate goes to blood then liver and back to glucose via gluconeogenesis and that glucose gets sent into the muscle. its a whole cycle

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18
Q

How many ATP per NADH

A

3 ATP there is 6 from glycolysis

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19
Q

What transports NADH made in the cytosol to the mitochondria for kreb?

A

malate aspartate/ glycerol phosphate shuttle

20
Q

how many ATP in aerobic glycolysis?

A

8 atp

21
Q

glucose is converted into how many molecules of lactate for anaerobic glycolysis?

A

2

22
Q

how much energy formed with anaerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATP formed

23
Q

what is the mechanism of transport of glucose into RBCs?

A

facilitated diffusion via GLUT1

GLUTS don’t require energy

24
Q

where does GLUT 2 move to?

A

the liver

25
Q

GlUT 1 and 3 moves to where?

A

neurons and brain

26
Q

GLUT 4 in the adipose tissue and muscle is responsive to what?

A

presence of insulin when blood glucose is elevated

27
Q

where is glucokinase found?

A

liver and b-cells of pancrease

28
Q

what is the affinity for glucokinase in liver and pancreases?

A

has a high km and small affinity ( graph on left)

29
Q

hexokinase is found where?

A

other tissues except pancreas and liver; has low km high affinity.

lower v max

30
Q

what happens when there is too much NADH/NAD ratio and there a high lactate level?

A

you can get cramps because of very low PH

31
Q

What are inhibitors of glycolysis?

A

fluoride inhibits it, it inhibits enolase

2 phosphpglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

32
Q

what energy supply to tumors use? what is this called?

A

Warburg effect; glycolysis

33
Q

red blood cells have what kind of conditions

A

anaerobic they are major source of ATP and make 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

34
Q

what is PET( positron emission topography) scan used for ?

A

you can isolate where a tumor is because they like to take up glucose… in this the glucose analog Is FDG or fluorodeoxyglucose.

in image it has a lot of light= its proof that tumor Is taking it up

35
Q

what forms 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate?

A

from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate use a mutase to make it.

instead of a phosphoglycerate kinase to make 3 phosphoglycerate

36
Q

2,3 bpg does what?

A

reduces affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin to unload more oxygen to tissues

37
Q

Deficiency of what enzymes result in hemolytic anemia?

A

hexokinase or pyruvate kinase deficiency

38
Q

if there is an issue of glycolysis what happens?

A

sodium potassium atpase doesn’t work.

accumulation of sodium, lysis of RBC/hemolysis

39
Q

what is the #1 cause of hemolytic anemia?

A

g6pd deficiency

40
Q

what is the #2 cause of hemolytic anemia?

A

erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency

41
Q

How do you examine someone with pyruvate kinase deficiency?

A

you check 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate and you will find that they are elevated

42
Q

what happens with hexokinase deficiency?

A

2,3 bpg is low… this is more severe than pyruvate kinase deficiency

43
Q

what is the cause of hemolysis ?

A

less atp and less working of sodium potassium pump

44
Q

if there is high AMP then glycolysis is…

A

activated

45
Q

if there is high levels of ATP then glycolysis is….

A

deactivated

test 5 (27 decks)

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