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test 5 > Histology of urinary system Lecture 42 > Flashcards

Histology of urinary system Lecture 42 Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine functions of the kidney?

A

-hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3 to
1,25 OH2 (dihydroxyacetone)
-erythropoietin ( EPO): acts on bone marrow to regulate erythrocyte formation in low blood oxygen concentration
-secretion of renin- enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation

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2
Q

what is the embryonic origin of the kidney?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

What is the capsule of the kidney like?

A

capsule thin fibrous capsule

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4
Q

where is the hilum located on the kidney?

A

at the concave medial border- the point of entry of neuromuscular supply and origin of the ureter ( renal pelvis)

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5
Q

What is the renal sinus of the kidney?

A

space around the hilarity structures filled with loose connective tissue

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6
Q

Describe the Cortex of the kidney.

A
  • granular in appearance
  • Consists most of the components of the nephron
  • Extends between the medullary pyramids as renal columns ( columns of Bertin)
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7
Q

Describe the medulla of the kidney.

A
  • arranged as pyramids
  • apical portion of pyramid ( renal papilla) projects into minor calyx
  • striated appearance-consists of straight portions of tubules and straight blood vessels
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8
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney? what are its components

A

the nephron

  1. renal corpuscle: glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule
  2. Tubules:
    - –Proximal convoluted tubule
    - —LOOP OF HENLE
    - proximal straight tubule
    - thin descending and ascending limb, distal straight tubule
    - —- distal convoluted tubule
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9
Q

what is the Nephron + connecting tubule called?

A

urinifernous tubule

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10
Q

What does the Renal lobe consist of ?

A

medulla and associated cortex

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11
Q

what are the two regions of the cortex of the renal lobule?

PIC

A
  1. medullary ray ( pars recta)/ straight tubules

2. Cortical labyrinth ( Pars convoluta)/ renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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12
Q

describe the placement of the parts of the renal lobule

PIC

SLIDE 11

A
  • medullary ray in the middle with areas of cortical labyrinth on either side
  • Consists of a collecting duct and the nephrons it drains
  • bounded by interlobular arteries
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13
Q

what are the straight tubules found in the medulla?

A

proximal straight tubules (juxta medullary nephron)
thin loop of henle ( juxta medullary nephron)
distal straight tubule ( juxta medullary nephron)
collecting ducts
vasa recta

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14
Q

what is the main blood supply of the kidneys?

A

the renal artery then divisional branches then interlobular arteries

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15
Q

what arteries demarcate the cortico-medullary junction?

A

arcuate artery

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16
Q

what do the interlobular arteries arise from and what do they supply?

A

arcuate and supply the renal lobules.

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17
Q

_______ arterioles arise from interlobular arteries and form the glomerular capsule

A

afferent arterioles

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18
Q

Capillaries leave the corpuscle as _________

A

efferent arterioles

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19
Q

Cortical nephrons: efferent arterioles forms _______ capillary network

A

peritubular

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20
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons: efferent arterioles become ________

A

vasa recta

21
Q

what occurs at the vasa recta?

A

( arteriole and venulae rectae)

  • countercurrent exchange of ionsin the medulla
  • runs parallel to loops of Henle
22
Q

What are the three types of nephrons?

A

cortical: short loops of Henle ( hairpin turn by distal straight)
Intermediate:mid cortical
Juxtamedullary: long loops of Henle, these are crucial for concentrating urine

23
Q

what are the components of the Nephron’s Renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Mesangium

24
Q

At the Glomerulus the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole are found at the ______.

A

vascular pole

25
Q

The bowman’s capsule surrounds the ________.

A

glomerulus

26
Q

the mensangium has mesangial cells found _______

Look at pic

A

intraglomerularly

27
Q

Ultrafiltrate collects in urinary space
( bowman’s space/capsular space)
and is directed to the _____ at the _______

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

urinary pole

28
Q

The visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule is made up of _______

A

podocytes

  • modified squamous cells
  • invests globular capillaries
29
Q

The parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule is the ____ layer. What is the epithelium? what is it contnuous with?

A

outer

simple squamous epithelium
continuous with proximal convoluted tubule

30
Q

Filitration occurs at bowman’s capsule occurs across the filtration barrier, such as _________ and _________.

A

capillary endothelium

podocytes

31
Q

Describe the visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule

PIC slide 21

A

-modified epithelial cells called podocytes, highly ramified.
-primary processes> secondary processes> pedicels
-Filtration slits between pedicels
- 40 nm wide
covered by slit diaphragm

32
Q

Describe the slit diaphragm at the kidney glomerular filtration barrier

PIC

A

zipper- like thin sheet with a dense center counting nephrin ( transmembrane protein)
- anchored to actin filaments within pedicels of podocytes

33
Q

describe endothelium of glomerular capillaries at Kidney glomerular filtration barrier

PIc slide 23

A
  • numerous fenestrations
  • no diaphragms
  • produces nitric oxide and prostaglandins (PGE2)
  • Abundant aquaporin-1 receptors
34
Q

describe glomerular basement membrane (GBM) at Kidney glomerular filtration barrier?

A
  • it is thick

- fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocyte

35
Q

what molecular structures can you find at the Glomerular basement membrane?

A

Type 4 collagen

Heparan sulphate

36
Q

what is the structural arrangement of the GBM? Glomerular basement membrane

A

I: lamina rara intern of capillary
II Lamina densa: type 4 collagen/ physical barrier
III: Lamina rara externa: ( of the podocytes) rish in heparan sulphate to repel negatively charged molecules

37
Q

What are factors that can affect filtration at the glomerular filtration barrier?

A
  • Charge: negatively charged molecules are repelled
  • size: >70,000 Da molecular weight/ substance like albumin cannot pass through
  • shape > 3.6 nm radium; ex blood cells cannot pass through
38
Q

what is goodPasture’s syndrome?

A

IGG against type 4 collagen collagen of basement membrane> glomerulonephritis
- hematuria, proteinuria
affects lungs, bloody sputum, coughing

39
Q

What re the components of the renal corpuscle’s mesangium?

A

mesangial cells ( contain actin filaments)

40
Q

what are the two types of mesangial cells ?

A

1-at vascular pole

2-within corpuscle enclosed by GBM

41
Q

what are the function of mesangial cells?

A

-phagocytosis of residue along the GBM
structural support- secretes ECM
-Secretion of inflammatory substances
interleukin-1, prostaglandin E2, PDGF
- contractile cells
regulate glomerular distension in high blood pressure
- response to angiotensin II and atrial natriuritic factor ANF

42
Q

what the purpose of renal tubules?

A

Reabsorption, secretion, reduces urine volume, creates hyperosmotic fluid

43
Q

What are the features of the proximal convoluted tubule? what epitheliumm?

A
  • predominant tubular profile in cortex
  • simple cuboidal epithelium for absorption
  • large cells; large spaces between adjacent cellular nuclei
44
Q

what are the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • receive the ultra filtrate from the urinary space and reabsorbs 65% of it ( 100% glucose 97% amino acids)
  • some protein and large peptides are returned to the blood via endocytosis
45
Q

what can you find at the apical border of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

microvilli which forms the brush border

46
Q

what can you find at the lateral border of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • tight junctions and zonula adherins,
  • Plicae= folds with interdigitate with adjacent cellular processes
  • basal interdigitation
  • basal striations associated with elongated mitochondria
47
Q

Where are the sodium postasium pumps located on the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

lateral folds, they create osmotic gradient for water reabsorption,

48
Q

what is the endocytic complex at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

apical tubular pits between microvilli, endocytic vesicles, endoscopes, and lysosomes=== protein absorption and recycling

49
Q

proximal convoluted tubules: glycocalyx

PIC

A

contains enzymes for absorption of glucose, peptides___ stain with PAS

extensive brush border.

test 5 (27 decks)

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