regulation of temperature and body fluids

Question 1

thermoregulation

Answer 1

the control of body temperature

Question 2

All Invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles are [endotherms or ectotherms]

Answer 2

ectotherms

Question 3

birds and mammals are [endotherms or ecotherms]

Answer 3

endotherms

Question 4

endotherm

Answer 4

able to maintain a constant body temperature because heat generated in metabolism balances heat lost to the environment

Question 5

In endotherms, the [blank] detects body temperature and initiates responses that warm or cool the body

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

ectotherm

Answer 6

thermoregulates by moving to areas where it can gain or lose heat
body temperature varies with external conditions

Question 7

advatages and disadvantages of endothermy

Answer 7

advantage: maintain body temperature even when cold, allowing them to be active at all times of the day
disadvantage: require more energy, need to eat more food

Question 8

advantages and disadvantages of ectothermy

Answer 8

advantage: use far less energy to maintain body temperature, so they require less food
disadvantage: not able to maintain body temperature in different environments

Question 9

explain countercurrent exchange for temperature homeostasis

Answer 9

vessels carrying warm blood toward the extremities give heat to vessels carrying cold blood toward the body

Question 10

osmoregulation

Answer 10

the balance between salt and water inside the body

Question 11

adaptations marine fish have to maintain water and salt balance

Answer 11

fish drinks seawater, ions are actively transported out of gills, water leaves by osmosis, little to no water is lost in urine

Question 12

adaptations freshwater fish have to maintain water and salt balance

Answer 12

fish does not drink fresh water, ions are actively transported into gills, water enters by osmosis, water leaves in dilute urine

Question 13

During cellular metabolism, amino groups are stripped from amino acids, forming [blank]

Answer 13

ammonia

Question 14

ammonia is converted by the [blank] into [blank] in mammals and [blank] in birds and insects
why is it converted? What happens to it in fishes?

Answer 14

liver
urea
uric acid
it is toxic
excreted at gills of fishes

Question 15

why do fishes not need to convert ammonia?

Answer 15

because it is diluted enough to not be toxic

Question 16

function of epithelial tissues in urinary system

Answer 16

enables diffusion between nephron and blood; lines ureters and bladder

Question 17

function of connective tissues in urinary system

Answer 17

blood (which kidneys filter)

Question 18

function of muscle tissue in urinary system

Answer 18

smooth muscle controls flow of blood to and from nephrons; smooth and skeletal muscle sphincters control urine releases

Question 19

function of nervous tissue in urinary system

Answer 19

sensory cells in hypothalamus coordinate negative feedback loops that maintain salt concentration in body fluids

Question 20

urinary system

Answer 20

filters blood, eliminates, nitrogenous wastes, and helps maintain the ion concentration of body fluids

Question 21

the major excretory organ of the urinary system

Answer 21

kidneys

Question 22

as the kidneys cleanse blood, [blank] forms, which travels through [blank] to the [blank]

Answer 22

urine
ureters
urinary bladder

Question 23

the body releases urine through the [blank]

Answer 23

urethra

Question 24

nephrons

Answer 24

the structural and functional units of the kidney

filter and cleanse the blood

Question 25

blood is filtered into a nephron at a [blank], which surround a tuft of capillaries called [blank]. Fluid from blood passes through the filter and enters the [blank]

Answer 25

glomerular capsule
glomerulus
renal tubule

Question 26

the renal tubule is surrounded by [blank]. Salts, water, urea, and many other substances move between the blood and nephron fluid

Answer 26

peritubular capillaries

Question 27

sections of the renal tubule have different names: …

Answer 27

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule

Question 28

a [blank] receives fluid from several nephrons

Answer 28

collecting duct

Question 29

the chemical composition of urine reflects three processes: …

Answer 29

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Question 30

urine formation: filtration

Answer 30

occurs at the glomerular capsule. Water and dissolved substances move out of the blood into the nephron

Question 31

urine formation: reabsorption

Answer 31

as the fluid travels through the renal tubule, water and some other substances are reabsorbed into the blood

Question 32

urine formation: secretion

Answer 32

blood secretes some substances straight into the tubule

Question 33

a [blank] receives the fluid that reaches the end of the tubule. The fluid moves toward the urinary bladder

Answer 33

collecting duct

Question 34

the primary function of the urinary system

Answer 34

cleansing the blood of nitrogenous wastes

Question 35

antidiruetic hormone (ADH)

Answer 35

regulate kidney function

Question 36

high ADH levels signal…

Answer 36

the kidneys to decrease water lost in urine

Question 37

aldosterone

Answer 37

promotes reabsorbtion of sodium ions into the bloodstream from the nephrons. Water follows by osmosis