regulation of temperature and body fluids Flashcards
thermoregulation
the control of body temperature
All Invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles are [endotherms or ectotherms]
ectotherms
birds and mammals are [endotherms or ecotherms]
endotherms
endotherm
able to maintain a constant body temperature because heat generated in metabolism balances heat lost to the environment
In endotherms, the [blank] detects body temperature and initiates responses that warm or cool the body
hypothalamus
ectotherm
thermoregulates by moving to areas where it can gain or lose heat
body temperature varies with external conditions
advatages and disadvantages of endothermy
advantage: maintain body temperature even when cold, allowing them to be active at all times of the day
disadvantage: require more energy, need to eat more food
advantages and disadvantages of ectothermy
advantage: use far less energy to maintain body temperature, so they require less food
disadvantage: not able to maintain body temperature in different environments
explain countercurrent exchange for temperature homeostasis
vessels carrying warm blood toward the extremities give heat to vessels carrying cold blood toward the body
osmoregulation
the balance between salt and water inside the body
adaptations marine fish have to maintain water and salt balance
fish drinks seawater, ions are actively transported out of gills, water leaves by osmosis, little to no water is lost in urine
adaptations freshwater fish have to maintain water and salt balance
fish does not drink fresh water, ions are actively transported into gills, water enters by osmosis, water leaves in dilute urine
During cellular metabolism, amino groups are stripped from amino acids, forming [blank]
ammonia
ammonia is converted by the [blank] into [blank] in mammals and [blank] in birds and insects
why is it converted? What happens to it in fishes?
liver urea uric acid it is toxic excreted at gills of fishes
why do fishes not need to convert ammonia?
because it is diluted enough to not be toxic
function of epithelial tissues in urinary system
enables diffusion between nephron and blood; lines ureters and bladder
function of connective tissues in urinary system
blood (which kidneys filter)
function of muscle tissue in urinary system
smooth muscle controls flow of blood to and from nephrons; smooth and skeletal muscle sphincters control urine releases
function of nervous tissue in urinary system
sensory cells in hypothalamus coordinate negative feedback loops that maintain salt concentration in body fluids
urinary system
filters blood, eliminates, nitrogenous wastes, and helps maintain the ion concentration of body fluids
the major excretory organ of the urinary system
kidneys
as the kidneys cleanse blood, [blank] forms, which travels through [blank] to the [blank]
urine
ureters
urinary bladder
the body releases urine through the [blank]
urethra
nephrons
the structural and functional units of the kidney
filter and cleanse the blood
