Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 2 > chapter 21 animals > Flashcards

chapter 21 animals Flashcards

1
Q

what four features do all chordates share?

A

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharynegeal slit, postanal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

notochord

A

a flexible rod that extends form head to tail along the length of a chordates’ back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dorsal nerve

A

parallel to the notochord

develops into the spinal cord and enlarges at the head end, forming a brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

form in the pharynx in most embryos
multiple uses
invertebrates use it to feed, straining food particles out of water that passes through the slits
in vertebrates, it can develop into gills, the middle ear, or other structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

postanal tail

A

a muscular tail that extends past the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chordates that are invertebrates

A

tunicates, lancelets, and hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cranium

A

a bony or cartilage-rich case that protects the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

do vertebrates and hagfish have a cranium?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

[blank] have a series of small structures making up a backbone to protect the spinal column

A

vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chordates that have hinged jaws that frame the mouth entrance

A

fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chordates that have limbs and lungs

A

most fishes have gills; amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have lungs for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chordates that have an amnion

A

reptiles and mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

amnion

A

several membranes that surround, protect, and feed developing embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which chordate resemble ancestral chordates

A

tunicates and lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

subphyla that lack a cranium and vertebrae

A

Tunicates and lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chordate larvae that are free swimming; adults are sessile

A

tunicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chordate that filter-feed with their tails buried in the sediment

A

lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

craniates without jaws

A

hagfish and lampreys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

craniates

A

animals that have a cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hagfish

A

a marine invertebrate with a cranium.

secrete sticky slime, which helps them slide their bodies out of danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lampreys

A

have cartilage around their nerve cord, so they are the first animals to evolve vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

first animals to evolve vertebrae

A

lampreys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chordate that have long, slender bodies

A

hagfish and lampreys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

[blank] have cartilage surrounding the brain but not the nerve cord

A

hagfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

some [blank] use mouth suckers to attach themselves to the sides of fish and drink the blood

A

lampreys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how did jaws develop?

A

in very early fish, the skeletal elements that supported gill silts near the mouth may have developed into jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

aquatic vertebrates with jaws

A

fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[blank] originated about 500 MYA from an ancestory that had jaws, gills, and paired fins

A

fishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the most diverse and abundant vertebrates

A

fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the two main clades of fishes

A

cartilaginous and bony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

most ancient fishes have skeletons made of [blank]

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

examples of cartilaginous fish

A

sharks and stingrays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

lateral lines

A

along the sides of cartilaginous and bony fish

sense organs used to detect vibrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

unique features of bony fish

A

hinged gill coverings and a swim bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does a swim bladder do?

A

adjusts bony fish’s buoyancy

36
Q

two main lineages of bony fish

A

ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes

37
Q

bony fish lineage with the most familiar fishes (trout, tuna, eels, etc.)

A

ray-finned

38
Q

bony fish lineage that is most closely related to tetrapods

A

lobe-finned fishes

39
Q

tetrapods

A

animals with four limbs

40
Q

Adaptations for surviving on land first arose in [blank]

A

lobe-finned fishes

41
Q

[blank] developed from the swim bladder in a few species known as [blank]

A

lungs

lungfish

42
Q

precursors of limb bones

A

strong pectoral and pelvic fin bones

43
Q

which chordate were the first tetrapods

A

amphibians

44
Q

what facilitated amphibians’ move to land?

A

lungs and limbs

45
Q

why do amphibians retain a strong link to water?

A

their eggs must remain moist. Their eggs lack protective shells and membranes and will die dried out

46
Q

adaptations that allowed amphibians to live on land and in water

A

lungs and porous skin, closed circulatory system with a three-chambered heart
denser, stronger skeletons

47
Q

the 3 main lineages of amphibians

A

frogs, salamanders and newts, and caecilians

48
Q

most amphibians are…

A

frogs

either smooth “true” frogs of warty-skinned toads

49
Q

amphibians that resemble lizards

A

salamanders and newts

50
Q

caecilians

A

amphibians that lack limbs and resemble giant earthworms

51
Q

amniotes include…

A

reptiles and mammals

52
Q

amniotic egg

A

has a leathery or hard outer layer surrounding a yolk that nourishes the developing embryo. similar structures surround a mammal’s embryo

53
Q

the [blank] egg broke the tie to water

A

amniotic

the amnion allows reptiles and mammals to breed in dry habitats

54
Q

the first vertebrates to thrive on land

55
Q

reptiles evolved [blank] MYA

56
Q

what had adapted to retain water inside its body and reproduce outside of it?

57
Q

the five main groups of reptiles

A

turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, and birds

58
Q

[blank] have shells that are fused with the vertebrae

A

turtles and tortoises

59
Q

warm, feathered reptiles adapted to flight

60
Q

what do feathers do?

A

provide lift

61
Q

what keeps birds lightweight

A

hollow bones

62
Q

where are birds specialized flight muscles?

A

attached to the breastbone

63
Q

warm, furry milk-drinkers

64
Q

when did mammals evolve?

65
Q

amniotes with hair and milk-secreting mammary glands

66
Q

two subclasses dividing mammals

A

monotremes and live-bearin mammals

67
Q

mammals that lay eggs

A

monotremes

68
Q

animals that have distinctive anatomy that is similar to reptiles
the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts share a single opening to the outside of the body

A

monotremes

69
Q

examples of monotremes

A

platypus and echidna

70
Q

do mammals are reptiles share a common ancestor?

71
Q

unique mammal traits

A

mammary glands, hair, three middle ear bones, four types of teeth, four chambered hearts, muscular diaphragm for breathing, and large brains

72
Q

true or false

marsupials bear live young

73
Q

[blank] have babies that are very tiny at birth and spend additional time developing in a marsupium (pocket)

A

marsupials

74
Q

[blank] have babies that develop inside a uterus before birth

A

eutherians

75
Q

placenta

A

connects the maternal and fetal circulatory systems, nourishes, and removes waste from the developing offspring

76
Q

adaptive significance of vertebrae

A

expand range of motion

77
Q

animals with vertebrae

A

lampreys, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

78
Q

adaptive significance of jaws

A

increase feeding versatility

79
Q

animals with jaws

A

fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

80
Q

adaptive significance of lungs

A

enable animals to breathe air

81
Q

animals with lungs

A

bony fishes (a few species) amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

82
Q

adaptive significance of limbs

A

allow for locomotion on land

83
Q

animals with limbs

A

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

84
Q

adaptive significance of amnion

A

enables reproduction away form water

85
Q

animals with an amnion

A

reptiles and mammals

biology 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions