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chapter 21 animals Flashcards

1
Q

what four features do all chordates share?

A

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharynegeal slit, postanal tail

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2
Q

notochord

A

a flexible rod that extends form head to tail along the length of a chordates’ back

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3
Q

dorsal nerve

A

parallel to the notochord

develops into the spinal cord and enlarges at the head end, forming a brain

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4
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

form in the pharynx in most embryos
multiple uses
invertebrates use it to feed, straining food particles out of water that passes through the slits
in vertebrates, it can develop into gills, the middle ear, or other structures

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5
Q

postanal tail

A

a muscular tail that extends past the anus

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6
Q

chordates that are invertebrates

A

tunicates, lancelets, and hagfish

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7
Q

cranium

A

a bony or cartilage-rich case that protects the brain

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8
Q

do vertebrates and hagfish have a cranium?

A

yes

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9
Q

[blank] have a series of small structures making up a backbone to protect the spinal column

A

vertebrates

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10
Q

chordates that have hinged jaws that frame the mouth entrance

A

fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

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11
Q

chordates that have limbs and lungs

A

most fishes have gills; amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have lungs for gas exchange

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12
Q

chordates that have an amnion

A

reptiles and mammals

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13
Q

amnion

A

several membranes that surround, protect, and feed developing embryos

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14
Q

which chordate resemble ancestral chordates

A

tunicates and lancelets

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15
Q

subphyla that lack a cranium and vertebrae

A

Tunicates and lancelets

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16
Q

chordate larvae that are free swimming; adults are sessile

A

tunicate

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17
Q

chordate that filter-feed with their tails buried in the sediment

A

lancelets

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18
Q

craniates without jaws

A

hagfish and lampreys

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19
Q

craniates

A

animals that have a cranium

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20
Q

hagfish

A

a marine invertebrate with a cranium.

secrete sticky slime, which helps them slide their bodies out of danger

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21
Q

lampreys

A

have cartilage around their nerve cord, so they are the first animals to evolve vertebrae

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22
Q

first animals to evolve vertebrae

A

lampreys

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23
Q

chordate that have long, slender bodies

A

hagfish and lampreys

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24
Q

[blank] have cartilage surrounding the brain but not the nerve cord

A

hagfish

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25
some [blank] use mouth suckers to attach themselves to the sides of fish and drink the blood
lampreys
26
how did jaws develop?
in very early fish, the skeletal elements that supported gill silts near the mouth may have developed into jaws
27
aquatic vertebrates with jaws
fishes
28
[blank] originated about 500 MYA from an ancestory that had jaws, gills, and paired fins
fishes
29
the most diverse and abundant vertebrates
fish
30
the two main clades of fishes
cartilaginous and bony
31
most ancient fishes have skeletons made of [blank]
cartilage
32
examples of cartilaginous fish
sharks and stingrays
33
lateral lines
along the sides of cartilaginous and bony fish | sense organs used to detect vibrations
34
unique features of bony fish
hinged gill coverings and a swim bladder
35
what does a swim bladder do?
adjusts bony fish's buoyancy
36
two main lineages of bony fish
ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes
37
bony fish lineage with the most familiar fishes (trout, tuna, eels, etc.)
ray-finned
38
bony fish lineage that is most closely related to tetrapods
lobe-finned fishes
39
tetrapods
animals with four limbs
40
Adaptations for surviving on land first arose in [blank]
lobe-finned fishes
41
[blank] developed from the swim bladder in a few species known as [blank]
lungs | lungfish
42
precursors of limb bones
strong pectoral and pelvic fin bones
43
which chordate were the first tetrapods
amphibians
44
what facilitated amphibians' move to land?
lungs and limbs
45
why do amphibians retain a strong link to water?
their eggs must remain moist. Their eggs lack protective shells and membranes and will die dried out
46
adaptations that allowed amphibians to live on land and in water
lungs and porous skin, closed circulatory system with a three-chambered heart denser, stronger skeletons
47
the 3 main lineages of amphibians
frogs, salamanders and newts, and caecilians
48
most amphibians are...
frogs | either smooth "true" frogs of warty-skinned toads
49
amphibians that resemble lizards
salamanders and newts
50
caecilians
amphibians that lack limbs and resemble giant earthworms
51
amniotes include...
reptiles and mammals
52
amniotic egg
has a leathery or hard outer layer surrounding a yolk that nourishes the developing embryo. similar structures surround a mammal's embryo
53
the [blank] egg broke the tie to water
amniotic | the amnion allows reptiles and mammals to breed in dry habitats
54
the first vertebrates to thrive on land
reptiles
55
reptiles evolved [blank] MYA
310
56
what had adapted to retain water inside its body and reproduce outside of it?
reptiles
57
the five main groups of reptiles
turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, and birds
58
[blank] have shells that are fused with the vertebrae
turtles and tortoises
59
warm, feathered reptiles adapted to flight
birds
60
what do feathers do?
provide lift
61
what keeps birds lightweight
hollow bones
62
where are birds specialized flight muscles?
attached to the breastbone
63
warm, furry milk-drinkers
mammals
64
when did mammals evolve?
200 MYA
65
amniotes with hair and milk-secreting mammary glands
mammals
66
two subclasses dividing mammals
monotremes and live-bearin mammals
67
mammals that lay eggs
monotremes
68
animals that have distinctive anatomy that is similar to reptiles the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts share a single opening to the outside of the body
monotremes
69
examples of monotremes
platypus and echidna
70
do mammals are reptiles share a common ancestor?
yes
71
unique mammal traits
mammary glands, hair, three middle ear bones, four types of teeth, four chambered hearts, muscular diaphragm for breathing, and large brains
72
true or false | marsupials bear live young
true
73
[blank] have babies that are very tiny at birth and spend additional time developing in a marsupium (pocket)
marsupials
74
[blank] have babies that develop inside a uterus before birth
eutherians
75
placenta
connects the maternal and fetal circulatory systems, nourishes, and removes waste from the developing offspring
76
adaptive significance of vertebrae
expand range of motion
77
animals with vertebrae
lampreys, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
78
adaptive significance of jaws
increase feeding versatility
79
animals with jaws
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
80
adaptive significance of lungs
enable animals to breathe air
81
animals with lungs
bony fishes (a few species) amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
82
adaptive significance of limbs
allow for locomotion on land
83
animals with limbs
amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
84
adaptive significance of amnion
enables reproduction away form water
85
animals with an amnion
reptiles and mammals

biology 2 (15 decks)

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