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biology 2 > chapter 21 animals > Flashcards

chapter 21 animals Flashcards

1
Q

what four features do all chordates share?

A

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharynegeal slit, postanal tail

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2
Q

notochord

A

a flexible rod that extends form head to tail along the length of a chordates’ back

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3
Q

dorsal nerve

A

parallel to the notochord

develops into the spinal cord and enlarges at the head end, forming a brain

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4
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

form in the pharynx in most embryos
multiple uses
invertebrates use it to feed, straining food particles out of water that passes through the slits
in vertebrates, it can develop into gills, the middle ear, or other structures

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5
Q

postanal tail

A

a muscular tail that extends past the anus

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6
Q

chordates that are invertebrates

A

tunicates, lancelets, and hagfish

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7
Q

cranium

A

a bony or cartilage-rich case that protects the brain

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8
Q

do vertebrates and hagfish have a cranium?

A

yes

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9
Q

[blank] have a series of small structures making up a backbone to protect the spinal column

A

vertebrates

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10
Q

chordates that have hinged jaws that frame the mouth entrance

A

fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

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11
Q

chordates that have limbs and lungs

A

most fishes have gills; amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have lungs for gas exchange

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12
Q

chordates that have an amnion

A

reptiles and mammals

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13
Q

amnion

A

several membranes that surround, protect, and feed developing embryos

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14
Q

which chordate resemble ancestral chordates

A

tunicates and lancelets

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15
Q

subphyla that lack a cranium and vertebrae

A

Tunicates and lancelets

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16
Q

chordate larvae that are free swimming; adults are sessile

A

tunicate

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17
Q

chordate that filter-feed with their tails buried in the sediment

A

lancelets

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18
Q

craniates without jaws

A

hagfish and lampreys

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19
Q

craniates

A

animals that have a cranium

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20
Q

hagfish

A

a marine invertebrate with a cranium.

secrete sticky slime, which helps them slide their bodies out of danger

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21
Q

lampreys

A

have cartilage around their nerve cord, so they are the first animals to evolve vertebrae

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22
Q

first animals to evolve vertebrae

A

lampreys

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23
Q

chordate that have long, slender bodies

A

hagfish and lampreys

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24
Q

[blank] have cartilage surrounding the brain but not the nerve cord

A

hagfish

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25
Q

some [blank] use mouth suckers to attach themselves to the sides of fish and drink the blood

A

lampreys

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26
Q

how did jaws develop?

A

in very early fish, the skeletal elements that supported gill silts near the mouth may have developed into jaws

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27
Q

aquatic vertebrates with jaws

A

fishes

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28
Q

[blank] originated about 500 MYA from an ancestory that had jaws, gills, and paired fins

A

fishes

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29
Q

the most diverse and abundant vertebrates

A

fish

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30
Q

the two main clades of fishes

A

cartilaginous and bony

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31
Q

most ancient fishes have skeletons made of [blank]

A

cartilage

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32
Q

examples of cartilaginous fish

A

sharks and stingrays

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33
Q

lateral lines

A

along the sides of cartilaginous and bony fish

sense organs used to detect vibrations

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34
Q

unique features of bony fish

A

hinged gill coverings and a swim bladder

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35
Q

what does a swim bladder do?

A

adjusts bony fish’s buoyancy

36
Q

two main lineages of bony fish

A

ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes

37
Q

bony fish lineage with the most familiar fishes (trout, tuna, eels, etc.)

A

ray-finned

38
Q

bony fish lineage that is most closely related to tetrapods

A

lobe-finned fishes

39
Q

tetrapods

A

animals with four limbs

40
Q

Adaptations for surviving on land first arose in [blank]

A

lobe-finned fishes

41
Q

[blank] developed from the swim bladder in a few species known as [blank]

A

lungs

lungfish

42
Q

precursors of limb bones

A

strong pectoral and pelvic fin bones

43
Q

which chordate were the first tetrapods

A

amphibians

44
Q

what facilitated amphibians’ move to land?

A

lungs and limbs

45
Q

why do amphibians retain a strong link to water?

A

their eggs must remain moist. Their eggs lack protective shells and membranes and will die dried out

46
Q

adaptations that allowed amphibians to live on land and in water

A

lungs and porous skin, closed circulatory system with a three-chambered heart
denser, stronger skeletons

47
Q

the 3 main lineages of amphibians

A

frogs, salamanders and newts, and caecilians

48
Q

most amphibians are…

A

frogs

either smooth “true” frogs of warty-skinned toads

49
Q

amphibians that resemble lizards

A

salamanders and newts

50
Q

caecilians

A

amphibians that lack limbs and resemble giant earthworms

51
Q

amniotes include…

A

reptiles and mammals

52
Q

amniotic egg

A

has a leathery or hard outer layer surrounding a yolk that nourishes the developing embryo. similar structures surround a mammal’s embryo

53
Q

the [blank] egg broke the tie to water

A

amniotic

the amnion allows reptiles and mammals to breed in dry habitats

54
Q

the first vertebrates to thrive on land

A

reptiles

55
Q

reptiles evolved [blank] MYA

A

310

56
Q

what had adapted to retain water inside its body and reproduce outside of it?

A

reptiles

57
Q

the five main groups of reptiles

A

turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, and birds

58
Q

[blank] have shells that are fused with the vertebrae

A

turtles and tortoises

59
Q

warm, feathered reptiles adapted to flight

A

birds

60
Q

what do feathers do?

A

provide lift

61
Q

what keeps birds lightweight

A

hollow bones

62
Q

where are birds specialized flight muscles?

A

attached to the breastbone

63
Q

warm, furry milk-drinkers

A

mammals

64
Q

when did mammals evolve?

A

200 MYA

65
Q

amniotes with hair and milk-secreting mammary glands

A

mammals

66
Q

two subclasses dividing mammals

A

monotremes and live-bearin mammals

67
Q

mammals that lay eggs

A

monotremes

68
Q

animals that have distinctive anatomy that is similar to reptiles
the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts share a single opening to the outside of the body

A

monotremes

69
Q

examples of monotremes

A

platypus and echidna

70
Q

do mammals are reptiles share a common ancestor?

A

yes

71
Q

unique mammal traits

A

mammary glands, hair, three middle ear bones, four types of teeth, four chambered hearts, muscular diaphragm for breathing, and large brains

72
Q

true or false

marsupials bear live young

A

true

73
Q

[blank] have babies that are very tiny at birth and spend additional time developing in a marsupium (pocket)

A

marsupials

74
Q

[blank] have babies that develop inside a uterus before birth

A

eutherians

75
Q

placenta

A

connects the maternal and fetal circulatory systems, nourishes, and removes waste from the developing offspring

76
Q

adaptive significance of vertebrae

A

expand range of motion

77
Q

animals with vertebrae

A

lampreys, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

78
Q

adaptive significance of jaws

A

increase feeding versatility

79
Q

animals with jaws

A

fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

80
Q

adaptive significance of lungs

A

enable animals to breathe air

81
Q

animals with lungs

A

bony fishes (a few species) amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

82
Q

adaptive significance of limbs

A

allow for locomotion on land

83
Q

animals with limbs

A

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

84
Q

adaptive significance of amnion

A

enables reproduction away form water

85
Q

animals with an amnion

A

reptiles and mammals

biology 2 (15 decks)

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