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biology 2 > chapter 37: populations > Flashcards

chapter 37: populations Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

the study of the relationships among organisms and the environment

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2
Q

population

A

consists of interbreeding organisms of one species occupying the same area at the same time

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3
Q

community

A

includes all populations, representing multiple species, in the same region

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

the biotic community plus the abiotic environment

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5
Q

biotic

A

living

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6
Q

abiotic

A

nonliving

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7
Q

biosphere

A

all parts of the planet where life exists

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8
Q

habitat

A

the physical location where the members of a population live

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9
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit area of unit volume of a habitat

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10
Q

population distribution

A

describes how individuals are scattered through the habitat

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11
Q

the three types of population distribution

A

uniform, clumped, and random

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12
Q

three ways of estimating population size

A

aerial photos, sampling small subset, and mark-recapture

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13
Q

The separated populations are local [blank]. If separated for a long period of time, they may become [blank]

A

subpopulations

new species

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14
Q

what factors affect population size

A

births, deaths, immigration, and emigration

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15
Q

birth rate

A

the number of individuals produced per unit of time

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16
Q

immigration

A

the movement of individuals into a population

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17
Q

death rate

A

the number of deaths per unit of time

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18
Q

emigration

A

the movement of individuals out of a population

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19
Q

age structure

A

helps determine whether a population is growing, stable, or declining

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20
Q

survivorship curves

A

shows the proportion of surviving individuals at each age

21
Q

It is especially useful to determine what percentage of individuals survive to reproductive age, since…

A

only they will contribute to the size of the next generation

22
Q

life tables

A

follow a group of individuals within a population from birth to death

23
Q

the three types of survivorship curves

A

type I, type II, and type III

24
Q

the type of survivorship curve that includes humans and other large vertebrates

A

type I

25
Q

the type of survivorship curve that includes many birds and mammals

A

type II

26
Q

the type of survivorship curve that includes many fishes, most invertebrates, and plants

A

type III

27
Q

type I (late loss)

A

representative of species that invest much energy caring for young and have low death rates early in life. Most individuals survive to reproduce

28
Q

type II (constant loss)

A

species have approximately equal probability of dying at any age

29
Q

type III (early loss)

A

representative of species that invest little energy raising their young and have high death rates among offspring. Few individuals survive to reproductive age

30
Q

population growth is calculated using this equation

A

G = rN

31
Q

what do the letters in the population growth equation stand for?

A 
G = the growth rate
r = the per capita rate of increase
N = the initial size of the population
32
Q

since r is [blank], G increases as N [blank]

A

constant

increases

33
Q

a population is growing exponentially when…

A

its growth rate increases over a given time period

34
Q

Exponential growth curves are [blank] shaped

A

J

35
Q

A population is growing [blank] if the number of new individuals is proportional to the size of the population

A

exponentially

36
Q

can exponential growth continue indefinitely?

A

no

37
Q

population growth levels off when

A

resources become limited or when any factor happens that increases death rate or reduces birth rate

38
Q

environmental resistance

A

the combination of factors that keeps a population from reaching its maximum growth rate

39
Q

Environmental resistance tends to increase as [blank] size increases due to…

A

population

competition, predation, and anything else that reduces birth rates or increases death rates

40
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals that the ecosystem can support indefinitely

41
Q

as the population size approaches carrying capacity, the growth rate [blank].

A

slows

42
Q

populations approaching carrying capacity follows a [blank] growth model

A

logistic or s-shaped

43
Q

logistic growth equation

A

G = rN (K - N/ K)

44
Q

what does K represent in the logistic growth equation?

A

the carrying capacity

45
Q

As the population size gets close to the carrying carrying capacity, the growth rate approaches [blank]

A

zero

46
Q

do factors limiting a population size depend of the density of the population?

A

yes and no

47
Q

the effects of density-dependent factors increase as the population density [blank]

A

rises

48
Q

density-independent factors

A

exert effects that are unrelated to population density

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