chapter 31 the respiratory system Flashcards
active cells require oxygen and release carbon dioxide during…
aerobic respiration
inhaled [blank] diffuses into the body and is consumed at the cells. [blank], produced as a by-product, is then exhaled
oxygen
carbon dioxide
gas exchange with the environment occurs at [blank], which vary in structure among animals
respiratory surfaces
all respiratory surfaces have three similarities…
large surface area, contact with air or water, and moist
methods of gas exchange
some animals exchange gases across the body surface or via tubules connected to the atmosphere. Others exchange gases across gills or lungs
tracheae
internal tubules through which gases can diffuse from the atmosphere to body cells
tracheae is found in what animal?
arthropods
structures that exchange gases with the water
gills
countercurrent exchange
makes gills efficient. Blood flows against the current of water, which maintains a concentration gradient between blood and water throughout the width of the gill
saclike organs that exchange gases with the atmosphere
lungs
have lungs increase in complexity as animals have diversified?
yes
do lungs require animals to actively force air over their respiratory surface?
yes
the main respiratory organ in humans
lungs
Air enters the respiratory system through the [blank] and [blank], then passes through the [blank] into the [blank] (windpipe)
nose
mouth
pharynx
trachea
the trachea branches into two [blank], one leading to each lung
bronchi
each bronchus branches into several smaller [blank]
bronchioles
each bronchiole branches into several [blank], each ending in many [blank]
alveolar ducts
alveoli
where in the lungs do gas exchange occur?
at the alveoli
how does the gas exchange happen in the alveoli?
capillaries surrounding each alveolus carry oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide rich blood to the respiratory surface. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus while oxygen diffuses into the capillary
air flows from areas of [high or low] pressure to areas of [high or low] pressure
high
low
does breathing require pressure changes?
yes
when we inhale, air flows from areas of [high or low] pressure to areas of [high or low] pressure
high
low
during inhalation [contraction or relaxation] of muscles in the diaphram and rib cage [expands or recoil] the chest cavity, drawing air in
contraction
expands
during exhalation [contraction or relaxation] of muscles in the diaphram and rib cage allows lungs to [expand or recoil] expelling air
relaxation
recoil
during inhalation, is the pressure in the lungs high or low?
low
during exhalation, is the pressure in the lungs high or low?
high
tidal volume
a measure of how much air passes in and out of the lungs during rest
vital capacity
the total amount of air that can be inhaled during the deepest possible breath
[blank] create the pressure changes necessary to breathe for people with paralyzed rib muscles and diaphragm
ventilators
describe the passage of air from the outside into your body then back out
contraction of diaphragm, air flow into body, nose/mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus, gas exchange at alveolus, relaxation of diaphragm, air flow out of body
of the oxygen carried in blood [blank]% is bound to [blank] in red blood cells
[blank]% is dissolved in plasma
99
hemoglobin
1
oxygen binds to hemoglobin at [blank] atoms
iron
how many iron atoms are in hemoglobin?
4
oxygen diffuses into the blood at [blank] and diffuses out of the blood at [blank] cells
alveoli
tissue
carbon dioxide enters blood at [blank] cells and diffuses into the environment at [blank]
tissue
alveoli
within red blood cells, carbon dioxide is converted to [blank] then [blank]
carbonic acid
bicarbonate
Carbon dioxide transport is regulated by [positive or negative] feedback. What happens?
negative
because of the production of hydrogen ions the brain interprets decreases in blood pH as an indication that carbon dioxide levels are too high. Breathing rate increases.
