chapter 31 the respiratory system

Question 1

active cells require oxygen and release carbon dioxide during…

Answer 1

aerobic respiration

Question 2

inhaled [blank] diffuses into the body and is consumed at the cells. [blank], produced as a by-product, is then exhaled

Answer 2

oxygen

carbon dioxide

Question 3

gas exchange with the environment occurs at [blank], which vary in structure among animals

Answer 3

respiratory surfaces

Question 4

all respiratory surfaces have three similarities…

Answer 4

large surface area, contact with air or water, and moist

Question 5

methods of gas exchange

Answer 5

some animals exchange gases across the body surface or via tubules connected to the atmosphere. Others exchange gases across gills or lungs

Question 6

tracheae

Answer 6

internal tubules through which gases can diffuse from the atmosphere to body cells

Question 7

tracheae is found in what animal?

Answer 7

arthropods

Question 8

structures that exchange gases with the water

Answer 8

gills

Question 9

countercurrent exchange

Answer 9

makes gills efficient. Blood flows against the current of water, which maintains a concentration gradient between blood and water throughout the width of the gill

Question 10

saclike organs that exchange gases with the atmosphere

Answer 10

lungs

Question 11

have lungs increase in complexity as animals have diversified?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

do lungs require animals to actively force air over their respiratory surface?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

the main respiratory organ in humans

Answer 13

lungs

Question 14

Air enters the respiratory system through the [blank] and [blank], then passes through the [blank] into the [blank] (windpipe)

Answer 14

nose
mouth
pharynx
trachea

Question 15

the trachea branches into two [blank], one leading to each lung

Answer 15

bronchi

Question 16

each bronchus branches into several smaller [blank]

Answer 16

bronchioles

Question 17

each bronchiole branches into several [blank], each ending in many [blank]

Answer 17

alveolar ducts

alveoli

Question 18

where in the lungs do gas exchange occur?

Answer 18

at the alveoli

Question 19

how does the gas exchange happen in the alveoli?

Answer 19

capillaries surrounding each alveolus carry oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide rich blood to the respiratory surface. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus while oxygen diffuses into the capillary

Question 20

air flows from areas of [high or low] pressure to areas of [high or low] pressure

Answer 20

high

low

Question 21

does breathing require pressure changes?

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

when we inhale, air flows from areas of [high or low] pressure to areas of [high or low] pressure

Answer 22

high

low

Question 23

during inhalation [contraction or relaxation] of muscles in the diaphram and rib cage [expands or recoil] the chest cavity, drawing air in

Answer 23

contraction

expands

Question 24

during exhalation [contraction or relaxation] of muscles in the diaphram and rib cage allows lungs to [expand or recoil] expelling air

Answer 24

relaxation

recoil

Question 25

during inhalation, is the pressure in the lungs high or low?

Answer 25

low

Question 26

during exhalation, is the pressure in the lungs high or low?

Answer 26

high

Question 27

tidal volume

Answer 27

a measure of how much air passes in and out of the lungs during rest

Question 28

vital capacity

Answer 28

the total amount of air that can be inhaled during the deepest possible breath

Question 29

[blank] create the pressure changes necessary to breathe for people with paralyzed rib muscles and diaphragm

Answer 29

ventilators

Question 30

describe the passage of air from the outside into your body then back out

Answer 30

contraction of diaphragm, air flow into body, nose/mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus, gas exchange at alveolus, relaxation of diaphragm, air flow out of body

Question 31

of the oxygen carried in blood [blank]% is bound to [blank] in red blood cells [blank]% is dissolved in plasma

Answer 31

99 hemoglobin 1

Question 32

oxygen binds to hemoglobin at [blank] atoms

Answer 32

iron

Question 33

how many iron atoms are in hemoglobin?

Answer 33

4

Question 34

oxygen diffuses into the blood at [blank] and diffuses out of the blood at [blank] cells

Answer 34

alveoli | tissue

Question 35

carbon dioxide enters blood at [blank] cells and diffuses into the environment at [blank]

Answer 35

tissue | alveoli

Question 36

within red blood cells, carbon dioxide is converted to [blank] then [blank]

Answer 36

carbonic acid | bicarbonate

Question 37

Carbon dioxide transport is regulated by [positive or negative] feedback. What happens?

Answer 37

negative because of the production of hydrogen ions the brain interprets decreases in blood pH as an indication that carbon dioxide levels are too high. Breathing rate increases.