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biology 2 > chapter 16 viruses > Flashcards

chapter 16 viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a virus

A

a small, infectious agent made of nucleic acid and protein

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2
Q

do viruses come in many shapes and sizes?

A

yes

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3
Q

capsid

A

protein coat

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4
Q

what do the proteins surrounding the virus do?

A

they are shaped to bind with proteins on host cells

each viruse has specific target cells that it can match up with to infect

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5
Q

host range

A

the types of cells or organisms a virus can infect

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6
Q

reservoir

A

the host that acts as a continual source of the viral infection for other host species

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7
Q

viral genes contain instructions for…

A

making viruses

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8
Q

how do viruses replicate?

A

by infecting host cells

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9
Q

5 stages of viral replication

A

attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release

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10
Q

what happens during attachment

A

the virus attaches to host

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11
Q

what happens during penetration

A

the virus injects its nucleic acids into the cell

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12
Q

what happens during synthesis

A

host transcribes and translates viral DNA as if it were its own

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13
Q

what happens during assembly

A

new viruses assemble

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14
Q

what happens during release

A

viruses leave the cell

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15
Q

lytic pathway

A

viruses burst from their host cells soon after infection

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16
Q

lysogenic pathway

A

viruses that “hide” as they replicate, without damaging the host cell

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17
Q

prophage

A

the DNA of a lysogenic bacteriophage that is inserted into the host chromosome. the prophage replicates when cells divide

18
Q

can viruses shift from lysogenic to lytic?

A

yes, depending on the condition of the host cell

19
Q

when virally infected cells begin to die, do symptoms reflect the type of cells that are destroyed?

A

yes

20
Q

virulent

A

describes the ability of a virus to damage its host during an infection

21
Q

latent

A

viral genetic information inside an animal cell lies dormant

22
Q

which is more complex, replication of DNA or RNA?

A

RNA

requires more steps

23
Q

attachment and penetration for RNA viruses

A

produce a DNA copy of its RNA before incorporating genes into the host’s DNA

24
Q

what enzyme converts RNA into DNA?

A

reverse transcriptase

25
Q

what does a vaccine contain?

A

inactive virus or viral proteins

26
Q

what does a vaccine do?

A

produce an immune response without causing a disease

they “teach” the immune system to recognize a virus

27
Q

how are vaccines made?

A

scientists inoculate host cells with the virus

28
Q

how can a virus cause cancer?

A

by causing cells to replicate too much

29
Q

what do antiviral drugs do?

A

prevent the virus from interacting with the host cell and using it for replication

30
Q

can drugs block viral binding to cells, reverse transcription, integration of viral DNA, and viral release?

A

yes

antiviral “cocktails” are combinations of different drugs that interfere with one virus

31
Q

do antibiotics kill viruses or bacteria

A

bacteria

32
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs that block bacterial proteins from functioning, which prevents bacterial cells from carrying out life’s processes

33
Q

how are viral infections spread to plants

A

on the mouths of plant-eating insects

34
Q

what do plant cells do when infected

A

undergo apoptosis

35
Q

how do some plants prevent viral infections from speading

A

by degrading viral mRNA

36
Q

viroids

A

circles of RNA that can infect cells

lacks protein coat

37
Q

do viroids encode proteins?

A

no, they use host cells to replicate

38
Q

prion (PrP)

A

a normal membrane protein that can refold to adopt an abnormal three-dimentional shape and cause disease.

39
Q

what happens when a normal shaped prion is in contact with an abnormal shaped prion?

A

it can trigger a normal shaped prion to refold into an abnormal shape, and thus become active

40
Q

is it difficult to destroy prions?

A

yes, they are unaffected by heat, radiation, and chemicals

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