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biology 2 > chapter 25 animal tissues and organ systems > Flashcards

chapter 25 animal tissues and organ systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of an organism’s structure

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

the study of how an organism’s body works

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3
Q

biologists describe the animal body in terms of an [blank] [blank]

A

organizational hierarchy

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4
Q

what are the building blocks of animal bodies

A

cells

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5
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that interact and provide a specific function

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6
Q

Different tissues interact and function as units called…

A

organs

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7
Q

What are organ systems?

A

consist of two or more organs that are physically or functionally joined

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8
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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9
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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10
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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11
Q

posterior

A

toward the back

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12
Q

proximal

A

toward the point of attachment

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13
Q

distal

A

away from the point of attachment

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14
Q

dorsal

A

toward the spine

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15
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly

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16
Q

how many tissue types are in animals

A

four

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17
Q

the names of the tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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18
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

A

a combination of interstitial fluid and protein fibers

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19
Q

what is interstitial fluid made of?

A

water, gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes

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20
Q

is extracellular matrix found in all cells?

A

yes

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21
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

tightly packed cells that coat the body’s internal and external surfaces

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22
Q

Epithelial tissue shapes (simple)

A

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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23
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

each epithelial tissue has a free (exposed) surface. The opposite side is anchored to the basement membrane

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24
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

a layer of protein rich extracellular matrix

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25
Q

epithelial tissues that consist of one layer of cells

A

simple

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26
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

a single layer of flattened cells that allows substances to pass by diffusion and osmosis
found in the lining of blood vessels and alveoli of lungs

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27
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

a single layer of cube-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances
found in glands and lining of kidney tubules

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28
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

a single layer of column-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances
found in the lining of the digestive tract, bronchi of lungs, and uterine tubes

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29
Q

Stratified epithelial tissues have…

A

multiple cell layers

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30
Q

stratified epithelial tissue types

A

cuboidal, squamous, and pseudostratified, columnar

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31
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

multiple layers of flattened cells that protect areas subject to abrasion.
Found on the outer layer of skin

32
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

multiple layers of cube-shaped cells that conveys sweat and secretes hormones.
Found in sweat gland duct and ovaries

33
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of columnar cells with staggered nuclei that may be ciliated
the staggered nuclei make the tissue appear stratified although it is just one cell layer thick
It secretes and propels mucus
found in upper respiratory tract (ciliated) and vas defernes (non-ciliated)

34
Q

connective tissue

A

consists of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix, rather than being connected to one another

35
Q

loose connective tissue

A

consists of cells in a loose matrix of protein fibers (elastin and collagen). It holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissues to other tissues

36
Q

where is loose connective tissue found?

A

under skin and between organs

37
Q

dense connective tissue

A

consists of cells in a dense matrix of protein fibers. It connects muscle to bone and bone to bone

38
Q

where is dense connective tissue found?

A

in tendons and ligaments

39
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat cells in a minimal extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and insulation

40
Q

where is adipose tissue found?

A

beneath skin, between muscles, around heart, and around joints

41
Q

blood

A

consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in plasma. It transports gases, hormones, wastes, and nutrients

42
Q

where is blood found

A

it flows inside blood vessels

43
Q

cartilage

A

consists of cells in a matrix of fine collagen fibers. It provides flexible support

44
Q

where is cartilage found?

A

ears, joints, bone ends, and respiratory tract

45
Q

bone

A

consists of cells in a matrix of collagen and minerals. It provides support

46
Q

the six types of connective tissues

A

loose, dense, adipose, blood, cartilage, and bone

47
Q

muscle tissue

A

consists of cells that contract when electrically stimulated

48
Q

the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

49
Q

function of muscle tissue

A

attaches to soft tissue or bone. When the cells contract, the body part moves

50
Q

why does striated muscle tissue appear striped?

A

because protein filaments in the cells align in repeated patterns

51
Q

which muscle tissues are striated?

A

skeletal and cardiac

52
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated and consists of elongated cells with many nuclei. It moves bones under voluntary control

53
Q

where are skeletal muscles found?

A

attached to bones

54
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated and consists of short, branched cells, each with one nucleus. It contracts the heart chambers under involuntary control

55
Q

where are cardiac muscles found?

A

on the walls of the heart

56
Q

smooth muscle

A

consists of spindle-shaped cells, each with one nucleus. It produces slow, involuntary movements

57
Q

where are smooth muscle found

A

digestive tract and arteries

58
Q

nervous tissue

A

uses electrical signals to rapidly transmit information within an animal’s body

59
Q

nervous tissue is composed of …

A

neurons

60
Q

[blank] form communication networks and neuroglia, which support [blank]

A

neurons

neurons

61
Q

where are nervous tissue found?

A

in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

62
Q

systems that coordinate communication

A

nervous and endocrine

63
Q

systems that support and move the body

A

skeletal and muscular systems

64
Q

systems that work together to acquire energy

A

digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems

65
Q

systems that protect the body

A

urinary, integumentary, and immune systems

66
Q

system that produces the next generation

A

reproductive system

67
Q

organ system interactions promote…

A

homeostasis

68
Q

interstitial fluid

A

bathes all body cells. Substances move through interstitial fluid as they pass between organ systems

69
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of internal constancy

70
Q

homeostasis is regulated by…

A

negative feedback

71
Q

negative feedback

A

an action that counters an existing condition

72
Q

a few biological functions demonstrate [blank] feedback

A

positive

73
Q

positive feedback

A

the body reacts to a change by amplifying it

74
Q

examples of positive feedback in the body

A

milk secretions and blood clotting

75
Q

integumentary system

A

regulates temperature, conserves water, defends against microorganisms, and has a role in nutrition (vitamin D synthesis)

76
Q

does skin help maintain homeostasis?

A

yes

biology 2 (15 decks)

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