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biology 2 > chapter 25 animal tissues and organ systems > Flashcards

chapter 25 animal tissues and organ systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of an organism’s structure

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

the study of how an organism’s body works

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3
Q

biologists describe the animal body in terms of an [blank] [blank]

A

organizational hierarchy

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4
Q

what are the building blocks of animal bodies

A

cells

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5
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that interact and provide a specific function

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6
Q

Different tissues interact and function as units called…

A

organs

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7
Q

What are organ systems?

A

consist of two or more organs that are physically or functionally joined

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8
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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9
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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10
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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11
Q

posterior

A

toward the back

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12
Q

proximal

A

toward the point of attachment

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13
Q

distal

A

away from the point of attachment

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14
Q

dorsal

A

toward the spine

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15
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly

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16
Q

how many tissue types are in animals

A

four

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17
Q

the names of the tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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18
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

A

a combination of interstitial fluid and protein fibers

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19
Q

what is interstitial fluid made of?

A

water, gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes

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20
Q

is extracellular matrix found in all cells?

A

yes

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21
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

tightly packed cells that coat the body’s internal and external surfaces

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22
Q

Epithelial tissue shapes (simple)

A

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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23
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

each epithelial tissue has a free (exposed) surface. The opposite side is anchored to the basement membrane

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24
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

a layer of protein rich extracellular matrix

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25
epithelial tissues that consist of one layer of cells
simple
26
simple squamous epithelium
a single layer of flattened cells that allows substances to pass by diffusion and osmosis found in the lining of blood vessels and alveoli of lungs
27
simple cuboidal epithelium
a single layer of cube-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances found in glands and lining of kidney tubules
28
simple columnar epithelium
a single layer of column-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances found in the lining of the digestive tract, bronchi of lungs, and uterine tubes
29
Stratified epithelial tissues have...
multiple cell layers
30
stratified epithelial tissue types
cuboidal, squamous, and pseudostratified, columnar
31
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers of flattened cells that protect areas subject to abrasion. Found on the outer layer of skin
32
stratified cuboidal epithelium
multiple layers of cube-shaped cells that conveys sweat and secretes hormones. Found in sweat gland duct and ovaries
33
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of columnar cells with staggered nuclei that may be ciliated the staggered nuclei make the tissue appear stratified although it is just one cell layer thick It secretes and propels mucus found in upper respiratory tract (ciliated) and vas defernes (non-ciliated)
34
connective tissue
consists of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix, rather than being connected to one another
35
loose connective tissue
consists of cells in a loose matrix of protein fibers (elastin and collagen). It holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissues to other tissues
36
where is loose connective tissue found?
under skin and between organs
37
dense connective tissue
consists of cells in a dense matrix of protein fibers. It connects muscle to bone and bone to bone
38
where is dense connective tissue found?
in tendons and ligaments
39
adipose tissue
fat cells in a minimal extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and insulation
40
where is adipose tissue found?
beneath skin, between muscles, around heart, and around joints
41
blood
consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in plasma. It transports gases, hormones, wastes, and nutrients
42
where is blood found
it flows inside blood vessels
43
cartilage
consists of cells in a matrix of fine collagen fibers. It provides flexible support
44
where is cartilage found?
ears, joints, bone ends, and respiratory tract
45
bone
consists of cells in a matrix of collagen and minerals. It provides support
46
the six types of connective tissues
loose, dense, adipose, blood, cartilage, and bone
47
muscle tissue
consists of cells that contract when electrically stimulated
48
the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
49
function of muscle tissue
attaches to soft tissue or bone. When the cells contract, the body part moves
50
why does striated muscle tissue appear striped?
because protein filaments in the cells align in repeated patterns
51
which muscle tissues are striated?
skeletal and cardiac
52
skeletal muscle
striated and consists of elongated cells with many nuclei. It moves bones under voluntary control
53
where are skeletal muscles found?
attached to bones
54
cardiac muscle
striated and consists of short, branched cells, each with one nucleus. It contracts the heart chambers under involuntary control
55
where are cardiac muscles found?
on the walls of the heart
56
smooth muscle
consists of spindle-shaped cells, each with one nucleus. It produces slow, involuntary movements
57
where are smooth muscle found
digestive tract and arteries
58
nervous tissue
uses electrical signals to rapidly transmit information within an animal's body
59
nervous tissue is composed of ...
neurons
60
[blank] form communication networks and neuroglia, which support [blank]
neurons | neurons
61
where are nervous tissue found?
in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
62
systems that coordinate communication
nervous and endocrine
63
systems that support and move the body
skeletal and muscular systems
64
systems that work together to acquire energy
digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems
65
systems that protect the body
urinary, integumentary, and immune systems
66
system that produces the next generation
reproductive system
67
organ system interactions promote...
homeostasis
68
interstitial fluid
bathes all body cells. Substances move through interstitial fluid as they pass between organ systems
69
homeostasis
a state of internal constancy
70
homeostasis is regulated by...
negative feedback
71
negative feedback
an action that counters an existing condition
72
a few biological functions demonstrate [blank] feedback
positive
73
positive feedback
the body reacts to a change by amplifying it
74
examples of positive feedback in the body
milk secretions and blood clotting
75
integumentary system
regulates temperature, conserves water, defends against microorganisms, and has a role in nutrition (vitamin D synthesis)
76
does skin help maintain homeostasis?
yes

biology 2 (15 decks)

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