chapter 25 animal tissues and organ systems Flashcards
What is anatomy?
the study of an organism’s structure
What is physiology
the study of how an organism’s body works
biologists describe the animal body in terms of an [blank] [blank]
organizational hierarchy
what are the building blocks of animal bodies
cells
tissues
groups of cells that interact and provide a specific function
Different tissues interact and function as units called…
organs
What are organ systems?
consist of two or more organs that are physically or functionally joined
lateral
away from the midline
medial
toward the midline
anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
proximal
toward the point of attachment
distal
away from the point of attachment
dorsal
toward the spine
ventral
toward the belly
how many tissue types are in animals
four
the names of the tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
What is the extracellular matrix made of?
a combination of interstitial fluid and protein fibers
what is interstitial fluid made of?
water, gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes
is extracellular matrix found in all cells?
yes
Epithelial tissues
tightly packed cells that coat the body’s internal and external surfaces
Epithelial tissue shapes (simple)
squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
characteristics of epithelial tissues
each epithelial tissue has a free (exposed) surface. The opposite side is anchored to the basement membrane
What is the basement membrane?
a layer of protein rich extracellular matrix
epithelial tissues that consist of one layer of cells
simple
simple squamous epithelium
a single layer of flattened cells that allows substances to pass by diffusion and osmosis
found in the lining of blood vessels and alveoli of lungs
simple cuboidal epithelium
a single layer of cube-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances
found in glands and lining of kidney tubules
simple columnar epithelium
a single layer of column-shaped cells that secrete and absorb substances
found in the lining of the digestive tract, bronchi of lungs, and uterine tubes
Stratified epithelial tissues have…
multiple cell layers
stratified epithelial tissue types
cuboidal, squamous, and pseudostratified, columnar
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers of flattened cells that protect areas subject to abrasion.
Found on the outer layer of skin
stratified cuboidal epithelium
multiple layers of cube-shaped cells that conveys sweat and secretes hormones.
Found in sweat gland duct and ovaries
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of columnar cells with staggered nuclei that may be ciliated
the staggered nuclei make the tissue appear stratified although it is just one cell layer thick
It secretes and propels mucus
found in upper respiratory tract (ciliated) and vas defernes (non-ciliated)
connective tissue
consists of cells scattered within an extracellular matrix, rather than being connected to one another
loose connective tissue
consists of cells in a loose matrix of protein fibers (elastin and collagen). It holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissues to other tissues
where is loose connective tissue found?
under skin and between organs
dense connective tissue
consists of cells in a dense matrix of protein fibers. It connects muscle to bone and bone to bone
where is dense connective tissue found?
in tendons and ligaments
adipose tissue
fat cells in a minimal extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and insulation
where is adipose tissue found?
beneath skin, between muscles, around heart, and around joints
blood
consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in plasma. It transports gases, hormones, wastes, and nutrients
where is blood found
it flows inside blood vessels
cartilage
consists of cells in a matrix of fine collagen fibers. It provides flexible support
where is cartilage found?
ears, joints, bone ends, and respiratory tract
bone
consists of cells in a matrix of collagen and minerals. It provides support
the six types of connective tissues
loose, dense, adipose, blood, cartilage, and bone
muscle tissue
consists of cells that contract when electrically stimulated
the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
function of muscle tissue
attaches to soft tissue or bone. When the cells contract, the body part moves
why does striated muscle tissue appear striped?
because protein filaments in the cells align in repeated patterns
which muscle tissues are striated?
skeletal and cardiac
skeletal muscle
striated and consists of elongated cells with many nuclei. It moves bones under voluntary control
where are skeletal muscles found?
attached to bones
cardiac muscle
striated and consists of short, branched cells, each with one nucleus. It contracts the heart chambers under involuntary control
where are cardiac muscles found?
on the walls of the heart
smooth muscle
consists of spindle-shaped cells, each with one nucleus. It produces slow, involuntary movements
where are smooth muscle found
digestive tract and arteries
nervous tissue
uses electrical signals to rapidly transmit information within an animal’s body
nervous tissue is composed of …
neurons
[blank] form communication networks and neuroglia, which support [blank]
neurons
neurons
where are nervous tissue found?
in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
systems that coordinate communication
nervous and endocrine
systems that support and move the body
skeletal and muscular systems
systems that work together to acquire energy
digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems
systems that protect the body
urinary, integumentary, and immune systems
system that produces the next generation
reproductive system
organ system interactions promote…
homeostasis
interstitial fluid
bathes all body cells. Substances move through interstitial fluid as they pass between organ systems
homeostasis
a state of internal constancy
homeostasis is regulated by…
negative feedback
negative feedback
an action that counters an existing condition
a few biological functions demonstrate [blank] feedback
positive
positive feedback
the body reacts to a change by amplifying it
examples of positive feedback in the body
milk secretions and blood clotting
integumentary system
regulates temperature, conserves water, defends against microorganisms, and has a role in nutrition (vitamin D synthesis)
does skin help maintain homeostasis?
yes
