Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 2 > chapter 21 Invertebrates > Flashcards

chapter 21 Invertebrates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many known animals species are there?

A

1.3 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What specific set of features do all animals have in common?

A

They have eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls
Their cells produce an extracellular matrix
They have multicellular bodies
They go through a blastula stage of development
They are heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a blatula?

A

a sphere of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many animal phyla are there?

A

nine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name all the animal phyla

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chorodata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are most animals vertebrates or invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

animals that lack backbones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

animals that have backbones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which phylum have vertebrates?

A

Chordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where did life begin?

A

in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many million years ago did the first animals arise?

A

570 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ancient animals probably resembled what aquatic protist?

A

choanoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

do animal features reflect shared ancestry?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are animals grouped?

A

by shared features of body form, developmental characteristics, and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The first branching point in animal taxonomy distinguishes…?

A

animals having tissues or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are eumetozoans?

A

animals with true body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are parzoans?

A

animals with no true body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the second branching point distinguish?

A

symmetry and embryonic germ layers (2 vs 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a body form in which multiple similar parts are arranged around a central axis

A

radial symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do most eumetazoan phyla have radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry?

A

bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do bilaterally symmetric animals have that others don’t?

A

a head and a tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define cephalization

A

the tendency to concentrate sensory cell and a brain at the animal’s head. Typically this is accompanied by greater sensory complexity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

do most eumetazoam phyla have 2 germ layers or 3?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is the gastrula formed

A

by the blastula folding on into itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a blastula?

A

an embryonic ball of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a cup-shaped structure composed of two or three layers of tissue

A

gastrula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the 3 germ layers developed by the gastrula

A

Endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the ectoderm develop?

A

the skin and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the endoderm develop?

A

the digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the mesoderm develop?

A

the muscles and circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The third branching point distinguishes animals by…?

A

how their gastrula develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a protostome

A

“mouth first”
If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the mouth
The anus will develop from the second opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a deuterostome?

A

“anus first”
If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the anus
the mouth will develop from the second opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a coelom?

A

a body cavity surrounded on all sides by mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where do internal organs grow?

A

in the coelom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a pseudocoelom

A

a cavity that is lined partly with mesoderm and partly with endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does it mean when an animal doesn’t have a coelom?

A

they lack a body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Animals that have a mouth that both takes in food and ejects wastes have…?

A

an incomplete digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Animals have a {blank} if food passes in one direction from mouth to anus

A

complete digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The division of an animal body into repeated parts is…?

A

segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What advantage to segmented bodies have over unsegmented bodies?

A

segmented bodies are more flexible and have more potential for developing specialized body parts than unsegmented bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is direct development?

A

animals that resemble adults in their juvenile stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is indirect development?

A

Animals that have a larval stage that does not resemble the adult form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does an animal with indirect development do as it matures into an adult

A

the larva undergoes metamorphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Porifera

A 
Sponges
aquatic and sessile
no true tissues
hollow bodies
asymmetric or radially symmetric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

sessile

A

anchored to a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

how to sponges eat

A

filter feeder
water moves into a sponge’s body through pores in its sides, then out through a hole at the top. This allows the sponge to trap food and eliminate waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are collar cells

A

cells that sponges have to trap food and start to digest it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are amoebocytes?

A

cells that sponges have to digest food and distribute it to other parts of the body

50
Q

True or false

sponges are hermaphrodites

A

true

51
Q

Do sponges reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

both

52
Q

How do sponges reproduce asexually?

A

by budding

53
Q

how do sponges reproduce sexually

A

sperm is released into the water and fertilize eggs retained in the body of the sponge

54
Q

Cnidarians
Symmetry?
Germ layer amount?

A

simple eumetazoans

aquatic, radially symmetric, 2 germ layers

55
Q

Name the 4 groups of cnidarians

A

Jellyfish, hydra, coral, and sea anemones

56
Q

what is the unique feature found in cnidarians’?

A

mesoglea: a jellylike, noncellular substance found between the 2 cell layers that make up a cnidarian’s body

57
Q

What are cnidocytes?

A

cells resembling tiny sharp harpoons used to sting predeators or prey
found in cnidarians
The sting can irritate, paralyze, or kill other animals

58
Q

Can cnidarians reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

both

59
Q

How do cnidarians reproduce?

A

Adults release sperm or eggs into the water. When they meet up fertilization occurs to form a zygote. The zygote develops into a larva and then a polyp, which can form a colony and release new medusae

60
Q

What is a polyp?

A

a sessile cnidarian

61
Q

Are flatworm protostomes?

A

yes

62
Q

Platyhelmithes
Symmetry?
Germ layers?

A

flatworms
bilaterally symmetric
3 germ layers

63
Q

3 groups of flatworms

A

Planarians, flukes, and tapeworms

64
Q

do flatworms have a coelom?

A

no

65
Q

what are the advantages of not having a coelom?

A

the flat body shape increases surface area and allows for effiecient gas exchange

66
Q

do flatworms have a specialized respiratory and circulatory system?

A

no

67
Q

What do planarians use to eat?

A

Pharynx: a feeding structure that brings food into the body and excretes undigested food

68
Q

the nervous system of planarians

A

a brain and nerve cords

It can sense touch, chemicals, and light

69
Q

Are flukes and tapeworms parasitic?

A

yes

70
Q

mollusks

A

soft unsegemented protosomes
large diverse phylum
a true coelom

71
Q

features of a mollusk

A

a mantle, muscular foot, visceral mass, radula

72
Q

Mantle

A

a fold of tissue that secretes a calcium carbonate shell in mollusks

73
Q

what is a muscular foot used for?

A

locomotion

74
Q

what is a visceral mass

A

a region of a mollusk’s body where organs are found

75
Q

what is a radula

A

a tougue-like strap with teeth made of chitin

Used for feeding

76
Q

the 4 groups of mollusks

A

Chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

77
Q

mollusk group that have eight overlapping shells

A

chitons

78
Q

mollusk group with hinged shells

A

bivalves

79
Q

mollusk group with spiral shells

A

gastropods

80
Q

mollusk group with internal or absent shells

A

cephalopods

81
Q

Do all mollusks have an open cirulatory system and reproduce sexually?

A

yes

82
Q

Which of the mollusk groups have a well-developed nervous system

A

cephalopods

large brain, eyes, excellent sense of touch, and impressive problem-solving abilities

83
Q

Do mollusks have a complete digestive tract or an incomplete digestive tract?

A

complete

84
Q

Annelids

A

segmented worms

Each body segment functions the same as the others

85
Q

Do annelids live in different environments?

A

yes

86
Q

Earthworms

A

annelid that lives in soil and are crucial for keeping it aerated

87
Q

Leeches

A

annelids that live in freshwater. They drink blood and eat small animals

88
Q

Polychaetes

A

annelids

marine worms

89
Q

the 3 groups of annelids

A

earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes

90
Q

annelid organ systems

A

complete digestive system, closed circulatory system with aortic arches, and a nervous system that includes a brain and ventral nerve cord
each body segment contains excretory organs

91
Q

what is the saddle-like thickening area on earthworms for?

A

to hold eggs in a specialized cocoon

92
Q

Nematoda

A

unsegmented worms

roundworms

93
Q

closest evolutionary relatives of roundworms are…?

A

arthropods

94
Q

do roundworms cause disease?

A

some
parasitic roundworms such as pinworms, heartworms, and hookworms infect the intestines, muscles, blood, and lungs of humans and other animals

95
Q

nematodes organ systems

A

few organ systems

includes a brain and nerve cords.

96
Q

Do roundworms have specialized circulatory and respiratory organs

A

no

a fluid in the pseudocoelom distributes nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

97
Q

do nematodes have a coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom?

A

pseudocoelom

98
Q

Arthropods

A

largest most diverse phylum of animals. Their legs, antennae, mouthparts, and other organs are joined

99
Q

name the 5 arthropod groups

A

Trilobites, chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans, insects

100
Q

do all arthropods have an exoskeleton?

A

yes
made of chitin
supports and protects the body

101
Q

what happens as an arthropod’s body grows

A

they molt and grow a new exoskeleton

102
Q

specialized body segments in arthropods

A

head, thorax, and abdomen. Segments in each region develop specialized functions

103
Q

organ systems of arthropods

A

a respiratory system made up of holes called spiracles for letting in air, and tubes called tracheae and book lungs for gas exchange
well developed nervous system, open circulatory system, and complete digestive system

104
Q

Trilobites

A

extinct marine phylum of arthropods

105
Q

chelicerates

A

subphyla of arthropods
grasping clawlike mouthparts
(spiders)

106
Q

how are arthropods grouped?

A

by their mouthparts

107
Q

mandibulates

A

subphyla of arthropods
chewing, jawlike mouthparts
(ant mandibles)

108
Q

horseshoe crabs, mites, ticks, spiders, and scorpions are…?

A

chelicerates

109
Q

Myriapods make up one group of …

A

mandibulates

The heads have jaws and antennae; the rest of the body has pairs of legs

110
Q

Crustaceans make up another group of…

A

mandibulates

111
Q

crabs, shrimp, and lobsters are…

A

crustaceans

all have two pair of antennae

112
Q

Insects are another group of …

A

mandibulates

113
Q

There are million of [blank] species. They each have one pair of antennae, six legs, and (usually) two pairs of wings

A

insects

114
Q

Echinoderms

A

marine deuterostomes

closely related to chordates

115
Q

sea urchins, sea stars, and sea cucumbers are …

A

echinoderms

116
Q

do echinoderms have radial or bilateral symmetry?

A

radial as adults

as larve, they are bilateral

117
Q

pentamerism

A

5-part radial symmetry

118
Q

special features of echinoderms

A

regeneration and tissues that switch between soft and hard
water vascular system
tube feet

119
Q

water vascular system

A

a series of enclosed, water-filled canals that end in hollow tube feet
versatile, fulfilling the functions of a complex circulatory, respiratory, and excretory system

120
Q

what do echinoderm tube feed do?

A

pump out water and act as locomotion and sensory systems

biology 2 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions