chapter 19: Plants Flashcards
Plants are members of kingdom..?
Plantae
What do plants provide for other species?
habitats and food
Are plants multicellular?
Yes
Are plants heterotrophic or autotrophic?
autotrophic
what domain are plants in?
Eukarya
What protist is the closest relative of plants?
Green algae
What are Charophytes?
a group of modern green algae
They are most similar to the ancestors of plants
what molecular features do plants and green algae have in common?
chloroplasts contain the same pigments, cell walls contain cellulose, and they both use starch as a storage molecule
What are the differences between green algae and plants?
Green algae live in water
Does environment affect body types and reproductive strategies?
yes
Name the groups plants are divided in
Nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
When did plants arose?
during the Paleozoic era
adaptation to live on land for plants
leaves, vascular tissue, roots
what does the cuticle do?
keeps leaves from drying out
what does the stomata do?
it allows for gas exchanges
vascular tissue
a bundle of tubes that transports water, minerals, and sugar throughout the plant
what do roots do?
absorb water and minerals while anchoring the plant in the soil
do plant gametes and zygotes both grow into adult organisms and reproduce?
yes
do all plants have similar life cycles, if so what does that mean evolution wise?
yes
it means that all plants have a shared common ancestor
the plant life cycle is called…
alternation of generations
during alternation of generations a multicellular [blank] stage alternates with a multicellular [blank] stage
diploid
haploid
a fertilized egg forms a diploid [blank], which develops by [blank] cell division into multicellular [blank] plant called a…
zygote
mitotic
diploid
sporophyte
the sporophyte plant produces [blank] spores by [blank]
haploid
meiosis
spores divide by [blank] into multicellular, [haploid or diploid] [blank]
mitosis
haploid
gametophyte
the [haploid or diploid] gametophyte produces [blank] by [blank]
haploid
gametes
mitosis
the gametes fuse at [blank] forming a [haploid or diploid] [blank] and starting the cycle again
fertilization
diploid
zygote
in simpler plants the gametophyte is [larger or smaller] and [more or less] dependent on the sporophyte.
Is this true in complex plants or is the reverse true?
larger
less
reverse
do seed plants produce pollen?
yes
does pollen contain the male gametophyte or the female?
male
can pollination happen without water?
yes
do animals help the spread of pollen?
yes, often
[blank] carry dormant plant embryos packaged with a food supply and protected from drying out. They can be dispersed long distances and remain dormant until conditions are favorable
seeds
[blank] produce pollen and egg cells.
flowers
[blank] develop after fertilization, to protect and disperse the plant offspring
fruits
there are about 24000 existing species of [blank] or “nonvascular” plants
bryophytes
mosses, hornworts, and liverworts are…
bryophytes
[blank] are nonvascular and seedless
bryophytes
the earliest plants probably resembled modern…
bryophytes
why do bryophytes lack physical support?
because they lack vascular tissue and lignin
what does lignin do?
strengthen the cell wall
how do materials move from cell to cell in bryophytes?
diffusion and osmosis
where do bryophytes live and why
moist shady habitats
so they don’t dry out
do bryophytes have a small sporophyte or a big one?
small
do bryophyte sexual reproduction require water? If so, why?
yes because the sperm swims to the egg
can bryophytes reproduce asexually?
yes
gemmae
small pieces of tissue that detach from the gametophyte and grow into new plants
which plants are gemmae found
mosses and liverworts
what do seedless vascular plants have that bryophytes do not?
true roots, stems, and leaves
what advantage to seedless vascular plants have over bryophytes?
they can grow much taller, which gives them and edge in competing for sunlight
the four groups of seedless vascular plants
club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails, and true ferns
the earliest seedless vascular plants were probably ….
modern club mosses
when did the first vascular plants originated
425 million years ago
whisk ferns, horsetails, and true ferns first appeared…
375 million years ago
do seedless vascular plant have a conspicuous sporophyte?
yes
where do the spores grow on seedless vascular plants?
the underside of leaves
do seedless vascular plant require water for reproduction?
yes
in gymnosperms and angiosperms, is the sporophyte more or less prominent that the gametophyte?
more
“naked seed” plants
gymnosperms
what new reproductive adaptation allowed gymnosperms to outcompete seedless vascular plants?
seeds
[blank] were prevalent in the Mesozoic era, but many species are near extinction in the wild today. They have palmlike leaves and produce large cones
cycads
Only one species exists today, and it no longer grows wild in nature. The [blank] tree has distinctive, fan-shaped leaves
ginkgo
[blank] such as pine trees are familiar gymnosperms. Their leaves are needlelike and they produce egg cells and pollen in cones
conifers
These gymnosperms have a mixture of traits that make them difficult to classify.
Gnetophytes
where do gymnosperm sporophytes produce their spores?
in cones
which type of gymnosperm sporophyte [male or female] produce microspores on cone scales?
male
which type of gymnosperm sporophyte [male or female] produce megaspores on cone scales
females
[blank] on female cone scales produce megaspores
ovules
[blank] fametophytes are enclosed inside grains of pollen. Pollen can be dispersed by [blank] to settle on new plants
male
wind
the tiny [blank] gametophytes stay in the cone, enclosed inside the [blank]
female
ovule
does the fertilization of gymnosperms require water?
no
gymnosperm zygotes stay inside [blank]
seeds
[blank] have a tough outer coat and can be dispersed by wind or animals
gymnosperm seeds
what happens to a seed when conditions are favorable?
they will germinate into seedlings, which develop into mature sporophyte trees
[blank] have flowers and fruit
angiosperms
95% of all living plant species are…
angiosperms
Angiosperms produce pollen and egg cells in [blank], which develop into fruit after [blank]
flowers
fertilization
97% of angiosperms are either [blank] or [blank]
eudicots
monocots
basal angiosperms are a [blank] group
paraphyletic group
[blank] have two cotyledons, which are the first leaves to emerge during germination. Their pollen grains have three pores.
eudicots
roses, daisies, sunflowers, oak trees, beans, and the model organism arabidopsis
eudicots
[blank] have one cotyledon. Their pollen grains have one pore
monocots
orchids, lilies, grass, bananas, rice, wheat, and corn are examples of…
monocots
[blank] are sporophyte reproductive structures in angiosperms
flowers
[blank] have double fertilization
angiosperms
