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biology 2 > chapter 30 the circulatory system > Flashcards

chapter 30 the circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

a network of vessels that contain the blood, and a heart

A

the circulatory system

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2
Q

the pump that keeps the blood moving through blood vesels

A

the heart

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3
Q

open circulatory system

A

fluid is pumped through short vessels that lead to open spaces in the body cavity

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4
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood remains within vessels that exchange materials with the fluid surrounding the body’s cells

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5
Q

what area of the heart does blood enter?

A

the atrium

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6
Q

what area of the heart does blood exit?

A

the ventricle

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7
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood circulates throughout the rest of the body to unload oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide before returning to the heart

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9
Q

how are closed circulatory systems distinguished?

A

based on heart chambers

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10
Q

fishes and amphibians (larval) have how many chambers in their hearts?

A

2

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11
Q

amphibians (nonavian) and reptiles have how many chambers in their hearts?

A

3

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12
Q

birds and mammals have how many chambers in their hearts?

A

4

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13
Q

blood is a [blank] tissue that consists of…

A

a connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in plasma

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14
Q

plasma

A

a liquid extracellular matrix

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15
Q

plasma is made of mostly…

A

water

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16
Q

what does plasma contain

A

water, antibodies, and dissolved substances

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17
Q

what does plasma carry?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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18
Q

[blank] carries oxygen to body tissues

A

red blood cells

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19
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in red blood cells

a protein that binds to oxygen at respiratory surfaces and “unloads” oxygen at body tissues

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20
Q

what does a person’s blood type depend on?

A

what carbohydrates are on the surface of their red blood cells

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21
Q

agglutination

A

the immune system reacts to blood cells with foreign blood clumps together in this reaction

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22
Q

white blood cells

A

part of the immune system

provoke inflammation and destroy microbes, among many other functions

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23
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments that initiate blood clotting

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24
Q

how does clotting work?

A

platelets adhere to each other at a break in a blood vessel. Clotting factors reinforce the clot

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25
Q

functions of blood

A

gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste transport, hormone transport, formation of interstitial fluid, maintenance of homeostasis, and protection

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26
Q

[blank] carries blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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27
Q

arteries branch into smaller [blank]

A

arterioles

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28
Q

capillaries

A

the tiniest blood vessels

water and dissolved substances diffuse between each capillary and the interstitial fluid

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29
Q

what surrounds body cells?

A

interstitial fluid

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30
Q

capillaries flow into slightly larger [blank], which combine into [blank]

A

venules

veins

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31
Q

[blank] carries blood back to the heart

A

veins

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32
Q

how much blood does the heart pump in a day?

A

thousands of liters

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33
Q

myocardium

A

a thick layer of cardiac muscle that makes up most of the wall of the heart

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34
Q

pericardium

A

a sac that surrounds the heart that anchors the heart but also allows it to beat without being obstructed

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35
Q

atria

A

receives blood from veins

36
Q

ventricle

A

pump blood into arteries

37
Q

does the left and right side of the heart have different functions?

A

yes

38
Q

what does to right half of the heart do?

A

receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

39
Q

what does the left half of the heart do?

A

receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body

40
Q

the right atrium receives [blank] and pumps it to [blank] which then pumps it to the [blank]

A

oxygen-depleted blood
the right ventricle
lungs

41
Q

blood travels through [blank] to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

42
Q

blood picks up oxygen at the lung capillaries and returns to the heart through [blank]

A

pulmonary veins

43
Q

pulmonary veins dump blood into the [blank] of the heart

A

left atrium

44
Q

the left atrium pumps oxygen-rich blood to the [blank] which then pumps it through the [blank], to the rest of the body

A

left ventricle

aorta

45
Q

the largest artery

A

aorta

46
Q

cardiac cycle

A

a single beat of the heart, including contraction of both atria and both ventricles

47
Q

the signal to contract begins at the [blank], also called the [blank]

A

pacemaker

sinoatrial (SA) node

48
Q

what does a signal from the pacemaker do?

A

it spreads along the sides of the heart and the two atria contract in unison

49
Q

what happens after the signal from the pacemaker

A

after a brief delay-giving time for the ventricles to fill with blood- the signal reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node

50
Q

what does the atrioventricular (AV) node do?

A

sends the signal to contract through the ventricle walls

51
Q

what contracts last?

A

the ventricles

they contract in unison

52
Q

what completes the heart cycle?

A

the relaxation of the ventricles

53
Q

physicians track the heartbeat with an [blank] which…

A

ECG

measures the electrical signals that pass through the heart walls from the pacemaker to the ventricles

54
Q

the letters [blank] indicate different parts of a cardiac cycle

A

PQRST

55
Q

what do the valves do?

A

the two sets of valves prevent blood from flowing backward through the heart

56
Q

when the ventricles contract…

A

valves between the ventricles and atria slam shut

57
Q

when the ventricles relax…

A

valves between the arteries and the ventricles slam shut

58
Q

the familiar “lub-dub” sound of the heart comes from…

A

the two sets of heart valves closing

59
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped each minute

determined by the heart rate and the strength of the heart

60
Q

strong heart muscles pump [blank] blood with each stroke than weaker muscles

A

more

61
Q

blood vessels form [blank] pathway

A

circulation

62
Q

Arteries have a [blank] layer of [blank] muscle that can withstand [blank]

A

thick
smooth
high blood pressure

63
Q

where vessels are only about as wide as a red blood cell

A

capillary beds

64
Q

capillary walls are only [blank] cell layer thick, allowing…

A

one

water and substances to easily diffuse to body tissues

65
Q

blood pressure in veins are…

A

low

66
Q

do veins have a thicker or thinner layer of smooth muscle than arteries?

A

thinner

67
Q

without much smooth muscle, veins [blank] when they are not filled with blood.

A

collapse

68
Q

valves keep blood from…

A

flowing backward in veins

69
Q

[blank] propels blood through open valves toward the heart

A

skeletal muscle contraction

70
Q

what do doctors use to measure blood pressure?

A

a sphygmomanometer

71
Q

systole

A

the higher blood pressure reading

reflects the pressure in arteries when the ventricles contract

72
Q

diastole

A

the lower blood pressure reading

reflects the pressure in arteries when the ventricles relax

73
Q

blood pressure [blank] during its path through the circulatory system

A

decreases

74
Q

blood velocity is [blank] in the capillaries because…

A

lowest

the total cross-sectional area is high

75
Q

a [blank] feedback system helps regulate blood pressure

A

negative

76
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of arterioles

77
Q

blood pressure [blank] as the arterioles narrow

A

increases

78
Q

vasodilation

A

causes blood pressure to drop

arterioles widen

79
Q

lymphatic system

A

collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels; removes bacteria, debris, and cancer cells; and returns the liquid to the blood

80
Q

lymph

A

the colorless fluid of the lymphatic system

81
Q

lymph capillaries

A

absorb interstitial fluid and deliver it to larger lymph vessels

82
Q

lymph nodes

A

remove foreign substances from lymph.

contains millions of lymphocytes

83
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells found in lymph nodes

84
Q

function of lymphatic organs

A

produce, accumulate, or aid in the circulation of lymphocytes

85
Q

what happens when the lymphatic system malfunctions?

A

excess fluid accumulates in body tissues.

biology 2 (15 decks)

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