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biology 2 > chapter 30 the circulatory system > Flashcards

chapter 30 the circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

a network of vessels that contain the blood, and a heart

A

the circulatory system

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2
Q

the pump that keeps the blood moving through blood vesels

A

the heart

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3
Q

open circulatory system

A

fluid is pumped through short vessels that lead to open spaces in the body cavity

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4
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood remains within vessels that exchange materials with the fluid surrounding the body’s cells

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5
Q

what area of the heart does blood enter?

A

the atrium

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6
Q

what area of the heart does blood exit?

A

the ventricle

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7
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood circulates throughout the rest of the body to unload oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide before returning to the heart

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9
Q

how are closed circulatory systems distinguished?

A

based on heart chambers

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10
Q

fishes and amphibians (larval) have how many chambers in their hearts?

A

2

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11
Q

amphibians (nonavian) and reptiles have how many chambers in their hearts?

A

3

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12
Q

birds and mammals have how many chambers in their hearts?

A

4

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13
Q

blood is a [blank] tissue that consists of…

A

a connective tissue consisting of cells and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in plasma

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14
Q

plasma

A

a liquid extracellular matrix

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15
Q

plasma is made of mostly…

A

water

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16
Q

what does plasma contain

A

water, antibodies, and dissolved substances

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17
Q

what does plasma carry?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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18
Q

[blank] carries oxygen to body tissues

A

red blood cells

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19
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in red blood cells

a protein that binds to oxygen at respiratory surfaces and “unloads” oxygen at body tissues

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20
Q

what does a person’s blood type depend on?

A

what carbohydrates are on the surface of their red blood cells

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21
Q

agglutination

A

the immune system reacts to blood cells with foreign blood clumps together in this reaction

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22
Q

white blood cells

A

part of the immune system

provoke inflammation and destroy microbes, among many other functions

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23
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments that initiate blood clotting

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24
Q

how does clotting work?

A

platelets adhere to each other at a break in a blood vessel. Clotting factors reinforce the clot

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25
functions of blood
gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste transport, hormone transport, formation of interstitial fluid, maintenance of homeostasis, and protection
26
[blank] carries blood away from the heart
arteries
27
arteries branch into smaller [blank]
arterioles
28
capillaries
the tiniest blood vessels | water and dissolved substances diffuse between each capillary and the interstitial fluid
29
what surrounds body cells?
interstitial fluid
30
capillaries flow into slightly larger [blank], which combine into [blank]
venules | veins
31
[blank] carries blood back to the heart
veins
32
how much blood does the heart pump in a day?
thousands of liters
33
myocardium
a thick layer of cardiac muscle that makes up most of the wall of the heart
34
pericardium
a sac that surrounds the heart that anchors the heart but also allows it to beat without being obstructed
35
atria
receives blood from veins
36
ventricle
pump blood into arteries
37
does the left and right side of the heart have different functions?
yes
38
what does to right half of the heart do?
receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs
39
what does the left half of the heart do?
receives blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body
40
the right atrium receives [blank] and pumps it to [blank] which then pumps it to the [blank]
oxygen-depleted blood the right ventricle lungs
41
blood travels through [blank] to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
42
blood picks up oxygen at the lung capillaries and returns to the heart through [blank]
pulmonary veins
43
pulmonary veins dump blood into the [blank] of the heart
left atrium
44
the left atrium pumps oxygen-rich blood to the [blank] which then pumps it through the [blank], to the rest of the body
left ventricle | aorta
45
the largest artery
aorta
46
cardiac cycle
a single beat of the heart, including contraction of both atria and both ventricles
47
the signal to contract begins at the [blank], also called the [blank]
pacemaker | sinoatrial (SA) node
48
what does a signal from the pacemaker do?
it spreads along the sides of the heart and the two atria contract in unison
49
what happens after the signal from the pacemaker
after a brief delay-giving time for the ventricles to fill with blood- the signal reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node
50
what does the atrioventricular (AV) node do?
sends the signal to contract through the ventricle walls
51
what contracts last?
the ventricles | they contract in unison
52
what completes the heart cycle?
the relaxation of the ventricles
53
physicians track the heartbeat with an [blank] which...
ECG | measures the electrical signals that pass through the heart walls from the pacemaker to the ventricles
54
the letters [blank] indicate different parts of a cardiac cycle
PQRST
55
what do the valves do?
the two sets of valves prevent blood from flowing backward through the heart
56
when the ventricles contract...
valves between the ventricles and atria slam shut
57
when the ventricles relax...
valves between the arteries and the ventricles slam shut
58
the familiar "lub-dub" sound of the heart comes from...
the two sets of heart valves closing
59
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped each minute | determined by the heart rate and the strength of the heart
60
strong heart muscles pump [blank] blood with each stroke than weaker muscles
more
61
blood vessels form [blank] pathway
circulation
62
Arteries have a [blank] layer of [blank] muscle that can withstand [blank]
thick smooth high blood pressure
63
where vessels are only about as wide as a red blood cell
capillary beds
64
capillary walls are only [blank] cell layer thick, allowing...
one | water and substances to easily diffuse to body tissues
65
blood pressure in veins are...
low
66
do veins have a thicker or thinner layer of smooth muscle than arteries?
thinner
67
without much smooth muscle, veins [blank] when they are not filled with blood.
collapse
68
valves keep blood from...
flowing backward in veins
69
[blank] propels blood through open valves toward the heart
skeletal muscle contraction
70
what do doctors use to measure blood pressure?
a sphygmomanometer
71
systole
the higher blood pressure reading | reflects the pressure in arteries when the ventricles contract
72
diastole
the lower blood pressure reading | reflects the pressure in arteries when the ventricles relax
73
blood pressure [blank] during its path through the circulatory system
decreases
74
blood velocity is [blank] in the capillaries because...
lowest | the total cross-sectional area is high
75
a [blank] feedback system helps regulate blood pressure
negative
76
vasoconstriction
the narrowing of arterioles
77
blood pressure [blank] as the arterioles narrow
increases
78
vasodilation
causes blood pressure to drop | arterioles widen
79
lymphatic system
collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels; removes bacteria, debris, and cancer cells; and returns the liquid to the blood
80
lymph
the colorless fluid of the lymphatic system
81
lymph capillaries
absorb interstitial fluid and deliver it to larger lymph vessels
82
lymph nodes
remove foreign substances from lymph. | contains millions of lymphocytes
83
lymphocytes
white blood cells found in lymph nodes
84
function of lymphatic organs
produce, accumulate, or aid in the circulation of lymphocytes
85
what happens when the lymphatic system malfunctions?
excess fluid accumulates in body tissues.

biology 2 (15 decks)

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