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Applied Biochemistry > Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Exercise > Flashcards

Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

what systems does exercise involve? (4)

A

musculoskeletal
respiratory
endocrine
immune

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2
Q

what does increased breathing and heart rate provide? (4)

A

increased O2 and nutrients
eliminates CO2 and metabolic waste products
transport hormones
maintain body temp and acid-base balance

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3
Q

in response to demand, muscles (3)

A

change ability to extract O2
choose energy sources
eliminate metabolic waste

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4
Q

what are fast fibers composed of?

A

type 2 myosin (2a and 2b)

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5
Q

what are slow fibers composed of?

A

type 1 myosin

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6
Q

what are the main fiber types? (3)

A

type 1
type 2a
type 2b

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7
Q

what color are type 1 fibers? why?

A

red, due to large amounts of myoglobin

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8
Q

what do slow twitches contain? (2)

A

large numbers of oxidative enzymes

more mitochondria

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9
Q

do slow twitches or fast twitches surround more capillaries?

A

slow

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10
Q

type 1 fibers have a large capacity for

A

aerobic metabolism

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11
Q

type 1 fibers have a high resistance to

A

fatigue

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12
Q

generally, postural muscles are used for

A

endurance (marathon runners)

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13
Q

how do type 1 fibers generate ATP?

A

aerobic metabolism

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14
Q

what are type 2a fast oxidative fibers are a hybrid of

A

type 1 and type 2

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15
Q

what color are type 2a fibers?

A

red, but not as red as type 1

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16
Q

do type 2a fibers perform anaerobic or aerobic metabolism?

A

both to generate metabolism

contain large numbers of mitochondria

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17
Q

type 2b fast glycolic fibers are what color? why?

A

white, they contain low levels of myoglobin and few mitochondria

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18
Q

do type 2b fibers use aerobic or anaerobic metabolism?

A

anaerobic to generate ATP

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19
Q

what can influence muscle composition?

A

training and genetics

most are a combination of these two types

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20
Q

what is type 1 used for?

A

long distance

slow twitch

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21
Q

what is type 2a used for?

A

400m/800m

fast twitch oxidative

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22
Q

what is type 2b used for?

A

short sprints

fast twitch glycolytic

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23
Q

low fatigue to high fatigue

A

type 1
type 2a
type 2b

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24
Q

what does fiber type vary with?

A

exercise type

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25
Q

what do slow twitch fibers vs fast twitch fibers look like under a microscope?

A

slow: dark fibers
fast: white fibers

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26
Q

what provides energy during the start of exercise?

A

muscle glycogen ~50%
muscle triglycerides ~25%
plasma free fatty acids ~25%

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27
Q

what energy is used after one hour of exercise?

A

blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids provide more of the energy nutrients as muscle glycogen and triglycerides are being depleted

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28
Q

what energy is used after two hours of exercise?

A

muscle glycogen and triglycerides are being depleted faster than they can be replaced
blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids provide a greater and greater percentage

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29
Q

what energy is used after three hours of exercise?

A

> 70% of energy needs are being provided by blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids

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30
Q

what energy is used after four hours of exercise?

A

> 90% of energy fuel is provided by blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids
muscle glycogen is fully depleted and muscle triglycerides provide >10% of energy needs

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31
Q

at any given speed of movement, muscle groups with a high percentage of fast-twitch (FT) fibers exert more — than those with muscle groups that contain primarily slow-twitch (ST) fibers

A

force

32
Q

muscle contractility can be measured and expressed as (2)

A

maximal titanic force

specific force generated

33
Q

specific force

A

the max force divided by muscle cross sectional area

34
Q

inhibitors of muscle differentiation (2)

A

myostatin

growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8)

35
Q

what does loss of myostatin lead to?

A

increased muscle size

36
Q

what family is myostatin a member of?

A

TGF-beta

37
Q

myostatin actives

A

type 2 receptors

38
Q

in the case of the myostatin knockout muscle the max force is the same, but when corrected for the larger muscle size, the specific force is —, meaning

A

lower

individual muscle fibers are weaker

39
Q

both endurance and resistance (weight) training result in a shift from

A

fast 2b myosin to 2a myosin

40
Q

training induced changes are small and do not result in

A

complete conversion

41
Q

aging is associated with a loss of muscle mass, known as

A

sarcopenia

42
Q

loss appears to follow which two phase?

A

10% is lost from age 25-50

then a more rapid loss in muscle mass after age 50

43
Q

what can reduce or limit age related muscle loss?

A

regular exercise

44
Q

muscle loss also occurs with (2)

A 
paralysis 
disuse atrophy (broken arm/leg)
45
Q

— fibers have more ATP and cross bridges

A

fast

46
Q

sources of ATP required for muscle contraction (4)

A

glycolysis
Krebs cycle
glycogenolysis
fatty acid oxidation

47
Q

glycogen is a

A

glycoprotein

48
Q

what does glycogen consist of?

A

a core protein glycoprotein

49
Q

branching of glycogen

A

highly branched structure made of glucose molecules connected through 1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds

50
Q

during glycogen breakdown, the terminal residue is released as

A

glucose, subsequent ones as G1P

51
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

removes glucose

52
Q

glycogen deb ranching enzyme

A

breaks branches

53
Q

muscle glycogen content was measured directly for the first time using a — — method

A

needle biopsy

54
Q

using different diets, glycogen content of muscle could be changed dramatically from 0.6 g/100 g to 4.7 g/100 g for

A

protein and fat diet versus carbohydrate rich diet

diets were induced by first undergoing glycogen depletion

55
Q

individuals fed the carbohydrate Ruch diet displayed longer or extended muscle performance times when maintained at 75% of their max — —

A

oxygen consumption

56
Q

muscle glycogen content is a determinant of the capacity to do

A

long term heavy exercise

57
Q

muscle glycogen content can be manipulated depending upon diet following

A

glycogen depletion

58
Q

Type 0

glycogen storage diseases

A

glycogen synthase deficiency (muscle)

symptoms: cardiomyopathy and exercise intolerance associated with complete absence of muscle glycogen

59
Q 
type IXd
(glycogen storage diseases)
A

muscle phosphorylase kinase deficiency
symptoms: x-linked disease, relatively mild disorder characterized by variable exercise induced muscle weakness or stiffness

60
Q

why do we get cramps?

A

lactate builds up in the muscle

61
Q

triglycerides are highly concentrated stores of metabolic energy because they are

A

reduced and anhydrous

62
Q

the yield from oxidation of fatty acids is

A

9 kcal/g

63
Q

the yield from oxidation of carbohydrates and proteins are

A

4 kcal/g

64
Q

triglycerides are non polar and so are stored in nearly — form

A

anhydrous

65
Q

more polar proteins and carbohydrates are more highly

A

hydrated

66
Q

what is the major reason triglycerides were selected in evolution as the major energy reservoir?

A

fat stores more than 6x as much energy as glycogen

67
Q

glycogen and glucose stores provide enough energy to sustain biological function for about —, whereas triacylglycerol allows survival for

A

24 hours

several weeks

68
Q

metabolically, the enzymatic process of degradation of fatty acids to yield ATP energy requires

A

molecular oxygen

69
Q

muscles burning fatty acids must do so aerobically or anaerobically?

A

aerobically, which is slower than burning glucose anaerobically and utilizing the cori cycle

70
Q

4 steps of beta oxidation

A

oxidation
hydration
oxidation
thiolysis

71
Q

weight is largely a function of how much

A

energy you consume versus how much you expend

72
Q

doping induces performance enhancing drugs by

A

steroids to boost muscle growth, narcotics to suppress pain, beta blockers to slow the heart rate (particularly helpful for fine motor control) and stimulants to add pep

73
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

a naturally occurring hormone that is produced by the kidneys, which stimulates red blood cell production

74
Q

EPO stimulates

A

red blood cell production which can increase strain on the heart

75
Q

higher RBC counts should translate to a greater supply of

A

oxygen to tissues

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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