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Applied Biochemistry > Caries > Flashcards

Caries Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial components of dental plaque cause dental caries:

A

in particular Strep. mutans, Strep sobrinus, and lactobacilli0-pp

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2
Q

Mutacin

A

antibiotic peptide produced by Strep. Mutans. Class of compounds called lantibiotics

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3
Q

Definition of caries

A

refers to the dissolution of tooth enamel and dentin. It starts in the pits, fissure, and interdentinalregions of the teeth, “stagnation areas” from which bacteria are difficult to remove. The extent of caries is measured as the number of teeth diagnosed as decayed, missing, or filled due to caries-DMFT (Levine)

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4
Q

Refined sugar

A

pure sucrose

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5
Q

Unrefined sugar

A

unprocessed sweeteners, e.g., honey, agave nectar, molasses, raw sugar, maple syrup, palm sugar

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6
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

naturally occurring mineral form of calcium phosphate {Ca5(PO4)3(OH) or stoichiometricCa10(PO4)6(OH)2}. One hydroxyl group can be substituted by carbonate, fluoride, or chloride. Hydroxyapatite is the form of mineral which is found in bone and teeth

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7
Q

Fluoroapatite

A

hydroxyapatite with a hydroxyl group substituted by fluoride atom. Because fluoride is more electronegative than hydroxyl group, it replaces the latter in the hydroxyapatite crystal structure without altering the overall structure, called an isomorphousreplacement

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8
Q

Secondary dentin

A

formed after tooth formed as a layer on the root bordering pulp tissue

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9
Q

Tertiary dentin

A

created in response to stimulus like caries or wear

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10
Q

Biofilm

A

a group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other on a surface. Adherent cells may be embedded within a self-produced matrix of polymeric extracellular substance or slime which also includes DNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Cells within a biofilm can exhibit special phenotypic and symbiotic characteristics

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11
Q

Fluorosis

A

developmental problem also termed mottling of teeth which is caused by exposure to excessive concentrations of fluoride (>1ppm)

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12
Q

Remineralization

A

the delivery of calcium and phosphate, from outside the tooth, into the enamel lesion, the presence of fluoride favors deposition of mineral onto the demineralized enamel surface

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13
Q

Endocarditis

A

typically occurs when bacteria from another part of your body, such as your mouth, spread through your bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in your heart. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage or destroy your heart valves and can lead to life-threatening complications. Treatments for endocarditis include antibiotics and, in severe cases, surgery

Endocarditis is uncommon in people with healthy hearts. People at greatest risk of endocarditis have a damaged heart valve, an artificial heart valve or other heart defects.

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14
Q

Dental Abscess

A

region of pus within teeth or gums usually initiated as a bacterial infection

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15
Q

Asaccharolyticbacteria

A

do not metabolize glucose for energy source but use protein and amino acids instead. These bacteria contribute to the ability of advanced caries to degrade dentin collagen matrix and expand the cavity

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16
Q

what are caries

A

infectious disease

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17
Q

multifactorial aspects of caries (7)

A 
biofilm
bacteria
time
diet
habits
education
socioeconomic factors
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18
Q

AAPD Policy Statement 1

A

Avoiding frequent consumption of liquids and/or solid foods containing sugar, in particular:
• Sugar-sweetened beverages (e.g., juices, soft drinks, sports drinks, sweetened tea) in a baby bottle or no-spill training cup.
• Ad libitum breast-feeding after the first primary tooth begins to erupt and other dietary carbohydrates are introduced.
• Baby bottle use after 12-18 months.
• Caries-conducive dietary practices appear to be established by 12 months of age and are maintained throughout early childhood
• Fruit juice should be limited to no more than 4-6 oz. per day for children one to six years old

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19
Q

AAPD Policy Statement 2

A
  • Implementing oral hygiene measures no later than the time of eruption of the first primary tooth. Tooth brushing should be performed for children by a parent twice daily, using a soft toothbrush of age-appropriate size.
  • In children under the age of three, a smear or rice-sized amount of fluoridated toothpaste should be used. In children ages three to six, a pea-sized amount of fluoridated toothpaste should be used.
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20
Q

AAPD Policy Statement 3

A

Providing professionally-applied fluoride varnish treatments for children at risk for ECC.

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21
Q

AAPD Policy Statement 4

A
  • Establishing a dental home within six months of eruption of the first tooth and no later than 12 months of age to conduct a caries risk assessment and provide parental education including anticipatory guidance for prevention of oral diseases.
  • Preventive interventions within the first year of life are critical
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22
Q

AAPD Policy Statement 5

A

• Working with medical providers to ensure all infants and toddlers have access to dental screenings, counseling, and preventive procedures.

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23
Q

AAPD Policy Statement 6

A

• Educating legislators, policy makers, and third partypayorsregarding the consequences of and preventive strategies for ECC.

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24
Q

dental caries

A

decay and crumbling of tooth

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25
Q

bacteria in dental plaque eat — from our diet

A

carbohydrates

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26
Q

bacteria secrete

A

acids

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27
Q

acids lower

A

oral pH

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28
Q

enamel demineralizes at pH of

A

5.5 or below

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29
Q

enamel demineralization results in

A

carious lesions

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30
Q

location of caries (2)

A

pit and tissue

smooth surface

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31
Q

new lesion

A

attacking a previous intact surface

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32
Q

recurrent lesion

A

occurs around margins of restoration

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33
Q

residual caries

A

caries left behind before a filling is placed

34
Q

visualization of caries

A

clinical: dark shading under enamel

radiographs

35
Q

tactile diagnosis of caries

A

no longer the primary method of caries detection

may gently run tip of explorer over area of tooth (leathery feel nay denote caries)

36
Q

ADA caries classification system

A

initial caries
moderate caries
severe caries

37
Q

caries is a — disease (3)

A

infectious
manageable
preventable

38
Q

primary microbes in bacterial disease

A

strep mutans, lactobacillus, actinomyces

39
Q

requirements for caries (4)

A

susceptible host
bacteria
food source
time

40
Q

major difference in dental caries in two populations of American Indians who lived near each other but were either hunter gatherers or with devoted to agriculture. Much higher incidence of caries associated with the

A

high carbohydrate diet (agricultural) versus high protein diet of the hunter gatherers

41
Q

remineralization

A
  • Saliva rinses away carbohydrates, buffers acids
  • Minerals in saliva (calcium, phosphate) re-enter tooth
  • Good oral hygiene
  • destroys biofilm so bacteria can’t attach
42
Q

A carious lesion (cavity) occurs when

A

demineralization is greater than remineralization over time

43
Q

saliva functions (4)

A
  • Raises pH to non-demineralizing levels
  • Flushes away floating microbes
  • Antibacterial properties
  • Calcium and phosphate ions to enter tooth
44
Q

home care

A
  • Removes bacterial habitat

* Bacteria can’t stick= bacteria can’t causedemineralization

45
Q

diet

A
  • Avoid frequent sugar consumption (Strep mutans’ favorite!)

* “starve” bacteria

46
Q

fluoride

A
  • Makes teeth less susceptible to acid

* “stronger” enamel

47
Q

common concerns of fluoride (3)

A
  • Lowers IQ
  • Poison added to water supply
  • Fluorosis
48
Q

enamel (5)

A
  • Outerlayer
  • 96% calcium hydroxyapatite crystals
  • 4% organic materials and water
  • Enamel is the most highly mineralized tissue in the body
  • Amelogenesis (enamel formation) ends at tooth eruption, there is no secondary or post-natal production of enamel
49
Q

dentin (4)

A
  • 45% hydroxyapatite crystals
  • 33% organicmaterial(collagen, etc)
  • 22% water
  • Dentin can be produced post-natallyas when secondary dentin or tertiary dentin is formed
50
Q

dental enamel junction (DEJ)

A

Formed during development, the DEJ is a product of odontoblasts and ameloblastsand it bridges these two dissimilar mineral phases.

51
Q

how does the DEJ act as a barrier?

A
  • must be penetrated in order fordecay to progress to the dentin and ultimately to the pulpal chamber.
  • Decay process for dissolution of enamel primarily requires acid to dissolve the mineral hydroxyapatite. In contrast, dissolution of the dentin requires both specific collagenase and likely other proteases to breakdown collagenous matrix and alsoacid to dissolve the mineral crystals present.
52
Q

Ameloblasts form individual enamel rods via their

A

Tome’s processes

53
Q

Mutansstreptococci participate in formation of

A

biofilms on tooth surfaces

54
Q

PEP group translocation, also known as the phosphotransferase system or PTS, is a distinct method used by bacteria for sugar uptake which uses

A

phosphoenolpyruvate as an energy and phosphate source

55
Q

It is a multicomponent system that always involves enzymes of the

A

plasma membrane and those in the cytoplasm

56
Q

The phosphotransferase system is involved in transporting many sugars into bacteria, including (5)

A

glucose, mannose, maltose, fructose and cellobiose

57
Q

PTS sugars can differ between bacterial groups, mirroring the

A

most suitable carbon sources available in the environment every group evolved

58
Q

fructose as a source of bacterial lactic acid

A

sucrose s transported as fructose-6-phosphate where it is phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and metabolized to lactic acid by glycolysis. Lactic acid is excreted but trapped at the tooth surface by the glucancapsule.

59
Q

salivary amylase as a source of bacterial lactic acid

A

attaches bacteria to teeth surfaces. Following a carbohydrate-rich meal, amylase digests these carbohydrates (starches) to maltose, which is transported into the cytosol similar tofructose-6-P. Within the bacteria, maltose is digested into to two molecules of glucose-6-phosphate and then metabolized to lactic acid.

60
Q

other bacteria as a source of bacterial lactic acid

A

besides Strep. mutanscan contribute to the production of lactic acid. Actinomycesspp. and viridansspecies of streptococci are common in the oral cavity and can bind to teeth surfaces via salivary proteins in the absence of sucrose. Can make glucansand fructanswhich enhance adherence of Strep. mutansand acid production. S. mutansmakes glucanbinding proteins which facilitate adherence to these other bacterial glucansand help stabilize the capsule

61
Q

Structure of mutansis resistant to digestion with bacterial enzymes (2)

A

dextranase and fructanase

62
Q

development during advanced caries

A
  1. As the region becomes more acidic, the developing cavity promotes greater colonization by S. mutans and even more acid resistant bacteria, e.g., Lactobacillus ssp.
  2. The latter expand the cavity deeper into dentin.
  3. Asaccharolyticbacteria of the oral microbiota induce inflammation and abcesseswithin the pulp and periapical regions of a tooth affected with untreated late stagedental caries.
63
Q

Production of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide is catalyzed by — — enzyme which is present in saliva and salivary glands

A

carbonic anhydrase

64
Q

Saliva flow over the teeth and its bicarbonate content are a major resistance towards

A

caries

65
Q

The — and — of teeth also affect saliva access and thus indirectly affect development of caries, e.g., orthodontic treatment.

A

shape and spacing

66
Q

Dr. McKay and Deans findings

A
  • Studies by Frederick Summer McKay led to identification of fluoride as cause of fluorosis (mottled teeth)
  • McKay outlined the geographic boundaries of areas where mottled enamel was found , determined the % of afflicted individuals and compiled evidence that pointed to water supply as a cause.
  • Further work led to identification of fluoride as agent associated with mottled teeth•Dr. Dean advanced McKay’s findings
  • Subsequent larger studies showed an inverse relationship between tooth decay and ingestion of fluoride
  • Decay increased also when water supplies were changed to unfluoridatedsources.
67
Q

Fluoride may become ineffective below a pH of

A

4.5

68
Q

Analysis of clinical and mechanistic data suggests that topically applied fluoride is more effective at preventing the

A

establishment of early lesions than their progression

69
Q

fluoride protection against caries has identified three mechanisms by which it operates (3)

A
  1. Inhibition of demineralization
  2. Enhancement of remineralization
  3. Inhibition of bacterial enolase activity inhibiting lactase production from ingested carbohydrates
70
Q

The mineral phase of bones and teeth is

A

carbonated hydroxylapatite

71
Q

Dentin and enamel are composite materials of

A

collagen and mineral

72
Q

Hydoxyapatiteis soluble in acid, e.g., at pH values less than

A

5.5

73
Q

Severity of caries is related to the pH produced in dental biofilms (plaques) after

A

ingestion of sucrose and other sugars

74
Q

Caries related to consumption of high carbohydrate diet which are metabolized by plaque, generating lactic acid due to fermentation which

A

demineralizes enamel and exposes underlying dentin

75
Q

Prevalence of dental caries greatly increased with introduction diets high in

A

processed sugar

76
Q

dental carries occur in areas of the tooth, crevices and regions of limited

A

salivary flow, which favor formation of a biofilm

77
Q

Biofilms are resistant to destruction, particularly

A

mutans polysaccharide

78
Q

Biofilms facilitate sequestered spaces which retain acids secreted by bacteria, which results in

A

demineralization of enamel hydroxyapatite of teeth

79
Q

advanced caries leads to

A

destruction of the dentin by protein metabolizing bacteria

80
Q

Fluoride is an excellent therapeutic treatment for prevention of

A

caries

81
Q

— and its bicarbonate component play an important preventive role against caries

A

Saliva

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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