Quiz 2

Question 1

steroid hormones are synthesized from

Answer 1

cholesterol

Question 2

Steroid hormones act through — and — mechanisms

Answer 2

genomic (classical) and nongenomic

Question 3

The classical mechanism is through interactions of the

Answer 3

steriod hormones with cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

Question 4

Hormone-recptor complexes bind to

Answer 4

specific seuences in the DNA (hormone response elements, HRE)

Question 5

Hormone-recptor complexes interact with

Answer 5

interact with co-activators/corepressors to effect gene expression.

Question 6

Membrane HRs (hormone receptors) also exert modulatory effects on nuclear HR through signaling pathways targeting

Answer 6

nuclear HR and co-activators (e.g., phosphorylation changes)

Question 7

Membrane receptor binding of steroid hormones initiates various signaling pathways and activates other transcription factors that can lead to transcription of some genes without

Answer 7

HREs

Question 8

Sex hormones or their analogs are used in the treatment of a variety of

Answer 8

diseases

Question 9

Analogs of sex hormones also have a number of ”—” uses that can have serious side effects

Answer 9

recreational

Question 10

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) are prohormones that require

Answer 10

metabolic activation to generate the most active chemical form

Question 11

Vitamin D3 is required for

Answer 11

proper calcium and phosphorus absorption needed to build strong bones and teeth

Question 12

what is the best source of vitamin D3?

Answer 12

the sun

Question 13

The sun is the best source of Vitamin D because it converts

Answer 13

7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3

Question 14

many — are also high in vitamin D3

Answer 14

foods

Question 15

Diary products in the U.S. are supplemented with Vitamin D3 to help avoid

Answer 15

deficiency state

Question 16

The activation pathway involves a UV-activated step which means that Vitamin D3 must either

Answer 16

be obtained via the diet or by produced via a sunlight activated step and then transported to the liver for conversion to 25-(OH)D3

Question 17

25-(OH)D3 is measured to assess

Answer 17

adequate intake of Vitamin D

Question 18

It is converted in the kidney (and a few other tissues such as skin and immune system cells) to the active form of

Answer 18

1,25-(OH)2D3

Question 19

Vitamin D metabolites are transported in the blood bound to

Answer 19

Vitamin D binding protein

Question 20

1,25-(OH)2D3 functions to regulate

Answer 20

Ca2+ and phosphate homeostasis

Question 21

It binds to the Vitamin D Receptor, which is a transcription factor that forms a heterodimer with the RXR to

Answer 21

regulate transcription. It can also act via membrane receptors

Question 22

1,25(OH)2D3 is synthesized in the kidney in response to

Answer 22

PTH

Question 23

PTH is secreted when

Answer 23

serum Ca2+levels are low

Question 24

Rickets and osteomalacia are diseases caused by

Answer 24

Vitamin D deficiency

Question 25

Vitamin D insufficiency is now appreciated to be associated with increased risk of several other diseases, including

Answer 25

the structures of the oral cavity

Question 26

Growth factors play critical roles in (2)

Answer 26

embryonic development and repair processes of human tissues and organs

Question 27

Growth factors can be synthesized in a number of tissues and can act

Answer 27

locally or on other target tissues

Question 28

Growth factor production generally involves

Answer 28

post-translational proteolytic processing of a larger precursor molecule to produce the active form

Question 29

They bind to specific receptors (homo- or hetero- dimers or tetramers) and activate

Answer 29

specific intracellular signaling pathways

Question 30

Some growth factors are selective in terms of their

Answer 30

range of responsive tissues, while other growth factors have a broad range among many tissues

Question 31

They are often — and — restricted with regard to their pattern of expression

Answer 31

temporally and spatially

Question 32

Myostatin is

Answer 32

an inhibitory factor which regulates muscle mass

Question 33

TGF-β plays a prominent role in all four phases of wound healing:

Answer 33

hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling

Question 34

TGF-β and BMPs also play critical roles in the embryonic development of the (2)

Answer 34

craniofacial region and teeth

Question 35

Abnormal expression of various growth factors are associated with

Answer 35

disease

Question 36

Growth factors are being used to treat human disease and development of new therapies is expect to

Answer 36

increase with time

Question 37

Efforts are underway to target expression of growth factors and/or their receptors as targets for

Answer 37

disease treatment