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Applied Biochemistry > Innate and Adaptive Immunity Part 2 > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of GALT

A

Peters patches (PPs) and isolated lymphoid follicles constitute the major part of GALT, but the appendix is also included

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2
Q

what are the components of NALT?

A

in humans, NALT consists of the lymphoid tissue of waldezyers pharyngeal ring, including the adenoids (the unpaired nasopharyngeal tonsil) and the paired palatine tonsils, scattered isolated lymphoid follicles may also occur in nasal mucosa

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3
Q

rodents lack tonsils, but do have paired

A

NALT structures dorsally in the floor of the nasal cavity and also salivary glands

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4
Q

what are the components of BALT

A

not generally detectable in normal lungs of adult humans

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5
Q

waldeyers ring

A

an interrupted circle of protective lymphoid tissue at the upper ends of the respiratory and alimentary tracts

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6
Q

composition of saliva (9)

A 
~99% water 
Na
K
Ca
Mg 
bicarbonate proteins
enzymes 
muffins 
nitrogenous products such as urea and NH3
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7
Q

types of saliva (3)

A

serous
mucos
mixed serous and mucos

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8
Q

serous saliva is the main product of the

A

parotid glands

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9
Q

mucos saliva is the main product of the

A

minor glands

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10
Q

mixed serous and mucos saliva is the main product of the (2)

A

sublingual and submandibular glands

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11
Q

functions of saliva (6)

A 
lubrication and protection
buffering action and clearance 
maintenance of tooth integrity 
antibacterial activity 
taste and digestion
saliva production is 750-1000 mL/day
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12
Q

where is GCF secreted

A

into the space (gingival sulcus) between the surface of the toot hand the free margin of the epithelium lining the gingiva

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13
Q

how much GCF is secreted a day

A

1-2 mL /day

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14
Q

functions of GCF (4)

A

cleansing the sulcus
improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth surface
antimicrobial properties
antibody defense of the gingiva

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15
Q

how many proteins and peptides detected in the proteome of saliva?

A

> 2000

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16
Q

200 proteins are secretions of

A

major glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)

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17
Q

secretions of the major glands include (6)

A 
alpha-amylase
mucins
histatins
statherin
salivary cystatins
PB peptide
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18
Q

the remaining 1800 proteins include (2)

A

alpha defensins

beta thymosins

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19
Q

what is the major fraction of salivary proteins?

A

proline rich proteins (PRPs)

20-30% of total

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20
Q

PRPs are highly

A

phosphorylated, some

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21
Q

where is the highest concentration of PRPs found?

A

in parotid saliva

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22
Q

> 20 PRPs are (2)

A

acidic
basic
glycosylated

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23
Q

acidic PRPs (3)

A

10-40 kDa
N terminal region contains high % of acidic GAs (ex. asp glu)
bind bacteria

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24
Q

basic PRPs (3)

A

60-70 kDa
high content of basic Was (ex. arg, his, lys)
bind fungi and viruses

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25
Q

glycosylated PRPs (1)

A

bind bacteria and virus

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26
Q

PRPs help exclude

A

microbes from surfaces and clear from oral cavity

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27
Q

alpha-amylase

A

major digestive enzyme (glycoside hydrolase)

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28
Q

alpha-amylase catalyzes breakdown of

A

starch into sugars (di, tri-saccharides)

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29
Q

alpha amylase acts on

A

alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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30
Q

alpha amylase optimum pH is

A

6.7-7

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31
Q

antimicrobial properties of alpha-amylase (4)

A

Binds bacteria, (pili involved in bacterial adhesion); promotes clearance from oral cavity to GI tract (e.g., Streptococcus gordonii, S. mitis, S. crista, S. anginosus)
Direct inhibitory effect on certain bacteria; powerful selective inhibitor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
May inhibit virus (equine & porcine rotaviruses)

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32
Q

cystatins are what kind of inhibitor

A

cys protease inhibitors

block bacterial and parasitic protozoan proteases

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33
Q

how many cystatins are present in saliva?

A

7

A, B C, D, S, SA, SN

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34
Q

highest concentrations of cystatins are found in — and lowest in —

A

highest: submandibular saliva
lowest: parotid saliva

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35
Q

which cystatins inhibit bacterial growth?

A

C and S

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36
Q

which sustains bind bacteria and bacterial LPS? (2)

A

SN and S

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37
Q

cystatins are also likey to exert

A

antiviral effects

38
Q

mucins

A

High molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins

39
Q

mucins are produced by

A

epithelial tissues

40
Q

mucins are secreted onto

A

mucosal surfaces or as component of saliva

41
Q

mucins bind to

A

pathogens are part of the immune system

42
Q

mucins prevent

A

adherence of oral microbes to the enamel pellicle and inhibits their growth, reducing caries

43
Q

mucins form

A

viscous coating on epithelial surfaces

44
Q

microbes excluded from the surface due to

A

steric hinderance from the dense glycostlation layer

45
Q

MG1 is produced in the

A

submandibular gland for

46
Q

MG1 function

A

barrier protection

47
Q

MG@ is produced in

A

acini of submandibular and labial glands

48
Q

MG2 interacts with – and promotes

A

streptococci

promotes their aggregation

49
Q

statherin size and # of residues

A

5.4 kDa (43 residues)

50
Q

statherin is a (3) phosphoprotein

A

tyr
gluc
pro-rich

51
Q

statherin inhibits

A

precipitation of calcium phosphate salts from saliva

52
Q

statherin is critical for

A

remineralization of teeth

53
Q

statherin binding of bacteria likely leads to

A

aggregation and clearance towards the stomach

54
Q

histatins size

A

small, 7-38 aa

55
Q

histatins are rich in

A

His-rich

cationic peptides

56
Q

histatins are secreted by (3)

A

parotid
SL
SM glands

57
Q

histatins broad spectrum properties (3)

A

antibacterial
antifungal
antiviral

58
Q

histatins act on

A

microbial membranes

59
Q

primary function of salivary antibodies

A

inactivate bacteria, fungi, viruses & microbial toxins via binding and/or agglutination

60
Q

salivary antibodies are constitutively excreted into

A

saliva

61
Q

2 major antibody classes

A 
secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)
immunoglobulin G (IgG)
62
Q

secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) (4)

A

a) 90-98% of salivary Ab
b) dimeric or polymeric
c) produced by salivary gland
d) 15% derived from serum; monomeric

63
Q

immunoglobulin G (IgG) (3)

A

a) 1-10% of salivary Ab
b) monomeric
c) serum derived

64
Q

there is a small fraction of (3) salivary antibodies

A

IgM
IgD
IgE

65
Q

Serum derived IgG & monomeric (non-secretory) IgA enter oral cavity via (3)

A

GCF
mucosal transudate
ultrafiltration through the SG acini

66
Q

salivary defenses (3)

A

cationic, lys containing peptides
alpha-defensins
beta-defensins

67
Q

alpha-defensins (4)

A

HNP1, HNP2, HNP3, HNP4

68
Q

alpha-defensins are produced by

A

neutrophil granulocytes

69
Q

beta-defensins (4)

A

hBD1, hBD2, hBD3, hBD4

70
Q

beta-defensins are produced by

A

mucosal cells

71
Q

both alpha and beta defensins are present in (4)

A

whole saliva
GCF
broad antibacterial, antifungal & antiviral activities
also various immune activator & modulatory activities, incl. induction of cytokines & chemoattraction for immature dendritic & memory T-cells

72
Q

Fordyce’s granules

A

they are sebaceous glands containing lipid. - a normal phenomenon not an infection,

73
Q

Fordyce’s granules have been linked to

A

hyperlipidemia

74
Q

where was the term antibody was coined

A

by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato in 1890. They discovered that the serum of vaccinated individuals contained substances that specifically bound to relevant pathogens

75
Q

The diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors is generated by

A

somatic gene-segment rearrangements

76
Q

antibody diversity light chains (2)

A

V (variable region) and J (joining segment)

77
Q

Κ light chain gene cluster is on

A

Cs 2

78
Q

λ light chain gene cluster is on

A

Cs 22

79
Q

heavy chains (5)

A

α, δ, ε, γ, and μ

80
Q

heavy gene are on

A

Cs 14

81
Q

35 VLκ genes X 4 JLκ genes =

A

140 κ chain variable region genes

82
Q

3o VLλ genes X 5 JLλ genes =

A

150 λ chain variable region genes

83
Q

Total of — different light chains

A

290

84
Q

Heavy Chains

A

100 VH genes X 23 DH genes X 6 JH genes = 13,800 chain variable regions

85
Q

Total binding specificities:

A

290 X 13,800 = 4,002,000

86
Q

In additional junctional diversity caused by addition or removal of nucleotides between the different gene segments increases the specificity of the variable region to

A

10^10 !!!

87
Q

Antigens are molecules recognized by the

A

immune response

88
Q

Specific regions within antigens that antigen receptors bind are known as

A

epitopes

89
Q

complement

A

its role in “complementing” the antibacterial activity of antibodies was discussed in a previous lecture

90
Q

Complement can also be activated early in infection in the absence of

A

antibodies

91
Q

It now appears that complement first evolved as part of the innate immune system, where it plays an important role in (2)

A

coating pathogens and facilitating their destruction

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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